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29 pages, 13086 KiB  
Review
An Illustrated Scoping Review of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics of Canine and Feline Brain Tumors
by James L. May, Josefa Garcia-Mora, Michael Edwards and John H. Rossmeisl
Animals 2024, 14(7), 1044; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14071044 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used pervasively in veterinary practice for the antemortem diagnosis of intracranial tumors. Here, we provide an illustrated summary of the published MRI features of primary and secondary intracranial tumors of dogs and cats, following PRISMA scoping review guidelines. [...] Read more.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used pervasively in veterinary practice for the antemortem diagnosis of intracranial tumors. Here, we provide an illustrated summary of the published MRI features of primary and secondary intracranial tumors of dogs and cats, following PRISMA scoping review guidelines. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant records, and input from stakeholders was solicited to select data for extraction. Sixty-seven studies of moderate to low-level evidence quality describing the MRI features of pathologically confirmed canine and feline brain tumors met inclusion criteria. Considerable variability in data inclusion and reporting, as well as low case numbers, prohibited comparative data analyses. Available data support a holistic MRI approach incorporating lesion number, location within the brain, shape, intrinsic signal appearances on multiparametric sequences, patterns of contrast enhancement, and associated secondary changes in the brain to prioritize differential imaging diagnoses, and often allows for accurate presumptive diagnosis of common intracranial tumors. Quantitative MRI techniques show promise for improving discrimination of neoplastic from non-neoplastic brain lesions, as well as differentiating brain tumor types and grades, but sample size limitations will likely remain a significant practical obstacle to the design of robustly powered radiomic studies. For many brain tumor variants, particularly in cats, there remains a need for standardized studies that correlate clinicopathologic and neuroimaging data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic Imaging in Animal Oncology)
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17 pages, 674 KiB  
Article
Asymptotic Antipodal Solutions as the Limit of Elliptic Relative Equilibria for the Two- and n-Body Problems in the Two-Dimensional Conformal Sphere
by Rubén Darío Ortiz Ortiz, Ana Magnolia Marín Ramírez and Ismael Oviedo de Julián
Mathematics 2024, 12(7), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12071025 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
We consider the two- and n-body problems on the two-dimensional conformal sphere MR2, with a radius R>0. We employ an alternative potential free of singularities at antipodal points. We study the limit of relative equilibria under [...] Read more.
We consider the two- and n-body problems on the two-dimensional conformal sphere MR2, with a radius R>0. We employ an alternative potential free of singularities at antipodal points. We study the limit of relative equilibria under the SO(2) symmetry; we examine the specific conditions under which a pair of positive-mass particles, situated at antipodal points, can maintain a state of relative equilibrium as they traverse along a geodesic. It is identified that, under an appropriate radius–mass relationship, these particles experience an unrestricted and free movement in alignment with the geodesic of the canonical Killing vector field in MR2. An even number of bodies with pairwise conjugated positions, arranged in a regular n-gon, all with the same mass m, move freely on a geodesic with suitable velocities, where this geodesic motion behaves like a relative equilibrium. Also, a center of mass formula is included. A relation is found for the relative equilibrium in the two-body problem in the sphere similar to the Snell law. Full article
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21 pages, 7592 KiB  
Article
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of the Mechanical Behavior of Column-Free Quasi-Rectangular Segmental Tunnel Linings
by Zhen Liu, Yizheng Chen, Yuebin Wu and Xian Liu
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2896; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072896 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
To investigate the mechanical behavior and design methodology of column-free QRST (quasi-rectangular segmental tunnel) structures, a theoretical analysis based on prototype experiments and simulation models is conducted. Initially, a prototype experimental investigation is conducted to reveal the structural behavior at the service stage. [...] Read more.
To investigate the mechanical behavior and design methodology of column-free QRST (quasi-rectangular segmental tunnel) structures, a theoretical analysis based on prototype experiments and simulation models is conducted. Initially, a prototype experimental investigation is conducted to reveal the structural behavior at the service stage. Subsequently, the ESHR model (Equivalent Stiffness Homogeneous Ring), the BS model (Beam Spring), and the MBS model (Modified Beam Spring) are used to simulate structural behavior. For design purposes, the design methodology is explored based on the ESHR model, followed by a sensitivity analysis of several key load parameters. Based on the experimental results, weak parts of the column-free QRST structure are found to include several joints (Joint 1, Joint 5, Joint 3, and Joint 8), and corresponding optimization measures are proposed. By comparing the test results, the above-mentioned three models demonstrate their applicability in structural simulation, with the ESHR model having sufficient design accuracy. A model-based deformation mechanism analysis found that joints contribute approximately 2/3 of the structural deformation. For the structural design of the column-free QRST using the ESHR model, amplifying the calculated results of structures directly subjected to the service stage by 10% suffices to meet engineering requirements. Based on the test and study, special attention should be paid to the negative bending moment regions at the waists of the structure during both the design and service stages. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Tunneling and Underground Space Technology)
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20 pages, 5733 KiB  
Article
Microfluidic Isolation of Neuronal-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles Shows Distinct and Common Neurological Proteins in Long COVID, HIV Infection and Alzheimer’s Disease
by Lynn Pulliam, Bing Sun, Erin McCafferty, Steven A. Soper, Malgorzata A. Witek, Mengjia Hu, Judith M. Ford, Sarah Song, Dimitrios Kapogiannis, Marshall J. Glesby, Daniel Merenstein, Phyllis C. Tien, Heather Freasier, Audrey French, Heather McKay, Monica M. Diaz, Igho Ofotokun, Jordan E. Lake, Joseph B. Margolick, Eun-Young Kim, Steven R. Levine, Margaret A. Fischl, Wei Li, Jeremy Martinson and Norina Tangadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 3830; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073830 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Long COVID (LongC) is associated with a myriad of symptoms including cognitive impairment. We reported at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic that neuronal-enriched or L1CAM+ extracellular vesicles (nEVs) from people with LongC contained proteins associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Since that time, [...] Read more.
Long COVID (LongC) is associated with a myriad of symptoms including cognitive impairment. We reported at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic that neuronal-enriched or L1CAM+ extracellular vesicles (nEVs) from people with LongC contained proteins associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Since that time, a subset of people with prior COVID infection continue to report neurological problems more than three months after infection. Blood markers to better characterize LongC are elusive. To further identify neuronal proteins associated with LongC, we maximized the number of nEVs isolated from plasma by developing a hybrid EV Microfluidic Affinity Purification (EV-MAP) technique. We isolated nEVs from people with LongC and neurological complaints, AD, and HIV infection with mild cognitive impairment. Using the OLINK platform that assesses 384 neurological proteins, we identified 11 significant proteins increased in LongC and 2 decreased (BST1, GGT1). Fourteen proteins were increased in AD and forty proteins associated with HIV cognitive impairment were elevated with one decreased (IVD). One common protein (BST1) was decreased in LongC and increased in HIV. Six proteins (MIF, ENO1, MESD, NUDT5, TNFSF14 and FYB1) were expressed in both LongC and AD and no proteins were common to HIV and AD. This study begins to identify differences and similarities in the neuronal response to LongC versus AD and HIV infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Neurobiology)
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19 pages, 3490 KiB  
Article
Composite Harmonic Source Detection with Multi-Label Approach Using Advanced Fusion Method
by Lina Sun, Hong Wang, Linhai Qi, Jiangyu Yan and Meijing Jiang
Electronics 2024, 13(7), 1275; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13071275 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
With the integration of clean energy and new power electronic devices into the power grid, the superposition of harmonic sources has become increasingly apparent and common. There is an urgent need to effectively identify composite harmonic sources in the new energy grid. This [...] Read more.
With the integration of clean energy and new power electronic devices into the power grid, the superposition of harmonic sources has become increasingly apparent and common. There is an urgent need to effectively identify composite harmonic sources in the new energy grid. This article proposes a multi-label composite harmonic source classification method that integrates knowledge representation with the transformer model. First, triplets from harmonic monitoring data are extracted and TransR models are used to train time-frequency feature representation vectors. Then, the transformer model is trained to learn the data features of different harmonic sources. Finally, based on the multi-label classification method, composite harmonic sources are identified. This article integrates the semantic information of time-frequency features into the data samples, increasing the interpretability of the model while expanding the inter-class features, which is conducive to the classification and recognition of the model. Compared with other deep learning recognition methods, verification based on simulation data and measured data shows that this method has low training complexity and higher recognition accuracy. Full article
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17 pages, 2227 KiB  
Article
Insights into the Evolution of IncR Plasmids Found in the Southern European Clone of the Monophasic Variant of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium
by Xenia Vázquez, Javier Fernández, Jürgen J. Heinisch, Rosaura Rodicio and M. Rosario Rodicio
Antibiotics 2024, 13(4), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13040314 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- is a monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium which has emerged as a world-wide distributed pathogen in the last decades. Several clones have been identified within this variant, the European clone, the Spanish clone, the Southern European [...] Read more.
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- is a monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium which has emerged as a world-wide distributed pathogen in the last decades. Several clones have been identified within this variant, the European clone, the Spanish clone, the Southern European clone and the U.S./American clone. The present study focused on isolates of the Southern European clone that were obtained from clinical samples at Spanish hospitals. The selected isolates were multidrug resistant, with most resistance genes residing on IncR plasmids that also carried virulence genes. These plasmids had a mosaic structure, comprising a highly reduced IncR backbone, which has acquired a large amount of exogenous DNA mostly derived from pSLT and IncI1-I(alfa) plasmids. Although composed of approximately the same elements, the investigated plasmids displayed a high diversity, consistent with active evolution driven by a wealth of mobile genetic elements. They comprise multiple intact or truncated insertion sequences, transposons, pseudo-compound transposons and integrons. Particularly relevant was the role of IS26 (with six to nine copies per plasmid) in generating insertions, deletions and inversions, with many of the rearrangements uncovered by tracking the patterns of eight bp target site duplications. Most of the resistance genes detected in the analyzed isolates have been previously associated with the Southern European clone. However, erm(B), lnu(G) and blaTEM-1B are novel, with the last two carried by a second resistance plasmid found in one of the IncR-positive isolates. Thus, evolution of resistance in the Southern European clone is not only mediated by diversification of the IncR plasmids, but also through acquisition of additional plasmids. All isolates investigated in the present study have the large deletion affecting the fljBA region previously found to justify the monophasic phenotype in the Southern European and U.S./American clones. An SNP-based phylogenetic analysis revealed the close relationship amongst our isolates, and support that those sharing the large fljBA deletion could be more heterogeneous than previously anticipated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Evolution of Plasmid-Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance)
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20 pages, 1051 KiB  
Article
Tunisian Silybum Species: Important Sources of Polyphenols, Organic Acids, Minerals, and Proteins across Various Plant Organs
by Samah Maaloul, Maher Mahmoudi, Hédi Mighri, Imen Ghzaiel, Talel Bouhamda, Fay?al Boughalleb, Adil El Midaoui, Anne Vejux, Gérard Lizard and Raoudha Abdellaoui
Plants 2024, 13(7), 989; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13070989 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Silybum marianum and Silybum eburneum are wild edible Mediterranean plants used in the human diet. This study presents the initial findings on the phytochemical characterization of Tunisian S. marianum and S. eburneum organs. It examined their mineral, sugar, organic acid, polyphenolic, and seed [...] Read more.
Silybum marianum and Silybum eburneum are wild edible Mediterranean plants used in the human diet. This study presents the initial findings on the phytochemical characterization of Tunisian S. marianum and S. eburneum organs. It examined their mineral, sugar, organic acid, polyphenolic, and seed storage protein contents, as well as their antioxidant potential. In S. marianum, stems had high sodium and potassium contents, while the immature and mature seeds were rich in calcium and magnesium. However, S. eburneum had high potassium levels in stems and high sodium and calcium levels in the flowers. S. marianum showed substantial fructose variation among its organs. Conversely, S. eburneum exhibited significant heterogeneity in glucose, sucrose, and maltose levels across its organs, with maltose exclusively detected in the immature seeds. A notable organ-dependent distribution of organic acids was observed among the two species. Higher levels of phenolic contents were detected in both mature and immature seeds in both species compared to the other plant parts. The seeds possessed higher antioxidant activities than other plant organs. In both S. marianum and S. eburneum seeds, albumins and globulins were the predominant protein fractions. This study brings evidence supporting the important potential of Silybum organs as sources of nutrients with antioxidant properties for producing functional food. Full article
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22 pages, 2549 KiB  
Article
A Novel Framework Based on Deep Learning Architecture for Continuous Human Activity Recognition with Inertial Sensors
by Vladimiro Suglia, Lucia Palazzo, Vitoantonio Bevilacqua, Andrea Passantino, Gaetano Pagano and Giovanni D’Addio
Sensors 2024, 24(7), 2199; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072199 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Frameworks for human activity recognition (HAR) can be applied in the clinical environment for monitoring patients’ motor and functional abilities either remotely or within a rehabilitation program. Deep Learning (DL) models can be exploited to perform HAR by means of raw data, thus [...] Read more.
Frameworks for human activity recognition (HAR) can be applied in the clinical environment for monitoring patients’ motor and functional abilities either remotely or within a rehabilitation program. Deep Learning (DL) models can be exploited to perform HAR by means of raw data, thus avoiding time-demanding feature engineering operations. Most works targeting HAR with DL-based architectures have tested the workflow performance on data related to a separate execution of the tasks. Hence, a paucity in the literature has been found with regard to frameworks aimed at recognizing continuously executed motor actions. In this article, the authors present the design, development, and testing of a DL-based workflow targeting continuous human activity recognition (CHAR). The model was trained on the data recorded from ten healthy subjects and tested on eight different subjects. Despite the limited sample size, the authors claim the capability of the proposed framework to accurately classify motor actions within a feasible time, thus making it potentially useful in a clinical scenario. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensors Development)
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14 pages, 249 KiB  
Article
Applied Theatre: Research-Based Theatre, or Theatre-Based Research? Exploring the Possibilities of Finding Social, Spatial, and Cognitive Justice in Informal Housing Settlements in India, or Tales from the Banyan Tree
by Selina Busby
Arts 2024, 13(2), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/arts13020063 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
This article draws on a twenty-year relationship of short-term interventions with Dalit communities living in informal settlements, sub-cities and urban villages in Mumbai, that have sought to create public theatre events based on research by and with communities that celebrate, problematise and interrogate [...] Read more.
This article draws on a twenty-year relationship of short-term interventions with Dalit communities living in informal settlements, sub-cities and urban villages in Mumbai, that have sought to create public theatre events based on research by and with communities that celebrate, problematise and interrogate sustainable urban living. In looking back over the developments and changes to our working methods in Mumbai, I explore how the projects priorities the roles of the community as both researchers and artists. I consider where a specific applied theatre project, which focuses on site specific storytelling with Dalit communities in Worli Koliwada and Dharavi, functions on a continuum of interactive, participatory, and emancipatory practice, research and performance. Applied Theatre practices should not and cannot remain static, they need to be constantly reformed and as practitioners and researchers we need to constantly re-examine the ways in which we work. This chapter poses two central questions: firstly, can this long-term partnership between practitioners, researchers and artists from the UK and India working with community members genuinely be a space for co-creating knowledge and theatre? And secondly, if so, is this Theatre-based Research or Research Based Theatre? I interrogate Applied Theatre’s potential to create a space of cognitive justice, which must be the next step for applied theatre, along-side its more widely accepted aims of searching for social and spatial justice and which places the community as both artists and researchers. The Dalit social reality is one of oppression, based on three axes: social, economic and gender. The chapter explores how working as co-researchers and the public performance of their stories has been a form of ‘active citizenship’ for these participants and is a key part of their strategy in their demand for policy changes. In looking forward I ask how working in international partnerships with community members can promote cognitive justice and go beyond a merely participatory practice. I consider why it is vital for the field that applied theatre practice includes partners from both the global south and north working together to co-create knowledge, new methods of practice to ensure an applied theatre knowledge democracy. In doing so I will discuss if and how this work might be considered to be Theatre-based Research. Full article
65 pages, 11804 KiB  
Review
[18F]-Radiolabelled Nanoplatforms: A Critical Review of Their Intrinsic Characteristics, Radiolabelling Methods, and Purification Techniques
by Ma?lle Deleuziere, ?ric Benoist, Isabelle Quelven, Emmanuel Gras and Catherine Amiens
Molecules 2024, 29(7), 1537; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071537 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
A wide range of nano-objects is found in many applications of our everyday life. Recognition of their peculiar properties and ease of functionalization has prompted their engineering into multifunctional platforms that are supposed to afford efficient tools for the development of biomedical applications. [...] Read more.
A wide range of nano-objects is found in many applications of our everyday life. Recognition of their peculiar properties and ease of functionalization has prompted their engineering into multifunctional platforms that are supposed to afford efficient tools for the development of biomedical applications. However, bridging the gap between bench to bedside cannot be expected without a good knowledge of their behaviour in vivo, which can be obtained through non-invasive imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET). Their radiolabelling with [18F]-fluorine, a technique already well established and widely used routinely for PET imaging, with [18F]-FDG for example, and in preclinical investigation using [18F]-radiolabelled biological macromolecules, has, therefore, been developed. In this context, this review highlights the various nano-objects studied so far, the reasons behind their radiolabelling, and main in vitro and/or in vivo results obtained thereof. Then, the methods developed to introduce the radioelement are presented. Detailed indications on the chemical steps involved are provided, and the stability of the radiolabelling is discussed. Emphasis is then made on the techniques used to purify and analyse the radiolabelled nano-objects, a point that is rarely discussed despite its technical relevance and importance for accurate imaging. The pros and cons of the different methods developed are finally discussed from which future work can develop. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanochemistry)
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28 pages, 1138 KiB  
Review
Glucagon-like Peptide 1, Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide, and Glucagon Receptor Agonists in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Novel Medication in New Liver Disease Nomenclature
by Lampros G. Chrysavgis, Spyridon Kazanas, Konstantina Bafa, Sophia Rozani, Maria-Evangelia Koloutsou and Evangelos Cholongitas
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 3832; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073832 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are incretins that regulate postprandial glucose regulation, stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells in response to food ingestion. Modified GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are being administered for the treatment of obesity and type 2 [...] Read more.
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are incretins that regulate postprandial glucose regulation, stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells in response to food ingestion. Modified GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are being administered for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Strongly related to those disorders, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), especially its aggressive form, defined as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), is a major healthcare burden associated with high morbidity and extrahepatic complications. GLP-1RAs have been explored in MASH patients with evident improvement in liver dysfunction enzymes, glycemic control, and weight loss. Importantly, the combination of GLP-1RAs with GIP and/or glucagon RAs may be even more effective via synergistic mechanisms in amelioration of metabolic, biochemical, and histological parameters of MASLD but also has a beneficial impact on MASLD-related complications. In this current review, we aim to provide an overview of incretins’ physiology, action, and signaling. Furthermore, we provide insight into the key pathophysiological mechanisms through which they impact MASLD aspects, as well as we analyze clinical data from human interventional studies. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future perspectives pertinent to this growing area of research and clinical medicine. Full article
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12 pages, 2175 KiB  
Systematic Review
Visceral Adipose Tissue Depth as a Novel Predictor for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review
by Weikun Li, Yi Jiang, Ling Feng and Jun Yu
Medicina 2024, 60(4), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040557 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The escalating prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the limitations associated with utilizing body mass index (BMI) as a predictive measure underscore the imperative need for identifying an optimal early pregnancy predictor. Such a predictor not only mitigates [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The escalating prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the limitations associated with utilizing body mass index (BMI) as a predictive measure underscore the imperative need for identifying an optimal early pregnancy predictor. Such a predictor not only mitigates the risk of GDM but also allows for timely implementation of interventions. Materials and Methods: This meta-analysis aimed to explore the association between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) depth and the risk of GDM. A thorough search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases was conducted up to 30 September 2023. The analysis employed a random-effects model to assess the relationship between VAT depth and the likelihood of GDM. Results: The inclusion criteria encompassed seven studies involving 1315 women, including 225 diagnosed with GDM. Significantly lower VAT depth was observed in the non-GDM group in comparison to the GDM group (Standardized Mean Difference [SMD]: 0.84; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 0.52–1.15; p < 0.001). Substantial statistical heterogeneity was noted among studies (I2 = 72.88%, p = 0.001). Through meticulous sensitivity and subgroup analyses, the source of heterogeneity was identified and thoroughly discussed. Subgroup analyses suggest that different GDM diagnostic criteria and VAT definitions all indicate higher VAT depth in GDM patients during early pregnancy. Conclusions: Our findings propose that, during the first trimester, GDM patients exhibit higher VAT depth compared to non-GDM women, highlighting VAT depth as a potential predictive factor for GDM in early pregnancy. This study contributes valuable evidence to the growing body of knowledge surrounding novel predictors for GDM, emphasizing the importance of early intervention strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics and Gynecology)
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18 pages, 42038 KiB  
Article
LAEA: A 2D LiDAR-Assisted UAV Exploration Algorithm for Unknown Environments
by Xiaolei Hou, Zheng Pan, Li Lu, Yuhang Wu, Jinwen Hu, Yang Lyu and Chunhui Zhao
Drones 2024, 8(4), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8040128 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
In UAV autonomous exploration, large frontier clusters are commonly associated with high information gain and are visited first. In contrast, small and isolated frontier clusters with fewer frontiers are associated with smaller information gain and are thus explored with low priority. However, these [...] Read more.
In UAV autonomous exploration, large frontier clusters are commonly associated with high information gain and are visited first. In contrast, small and isolated frontier clusters with fewer frontiers are associated with smaller information gain and are thus explored with low priority. However, these small and isolated frontier clusters are often in close proximity to UAVs and surrounded by explored areas, which could result in back-and-forth flights that lower exploration efficiency. This paper proposes LAEA, a LiDAR-assisted and depth camera-dominated UAV exploration algorithm that aims to improve UAV autonomous exploration efficiency. A hybrid map is obtained that characterizes rich environmental profile information in real time, enabling us to detect small and isolated frontier clusters that can lead to repeated visits to explored areas. An environmental information gain optimization strategy is incorporated such that frontier clusters with larger unexplored areas behind them, as well as small and isolated frontier clusters close to the UAV, are assigned higher weights to prioritize their visit order. An optimized flight trajectory is generated to cover unexplored frontier clusters in the immediate vicinity of the UAV while flying to the next target. A comprehensive comparison between the proposed algorithm and state-of-the-art algorithms was conducted via a simulation study, which showed that our algorithm exhibits superior exploration efficiency in various environments. Experiments were also carried out to verify the feasibility of the proposed approach in real-world scenarios. Full article
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14 pages, 3956 KiB  
Article
Quality Evaluation and Identification of Phyllanthi fructus (Yuganzi) Based on the Spectrum-Effect Relationship
by Weiwei Zhou, Bencheng Wu, Ling Liu, Jun Li, Dongdong Shi and Xiumei Li
Separations 2024, 11(4), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11040104 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
To establish a quality evaluation and identification method for Phyllanthi fructus (Yuganzi), the spectrum-effect relationship was explored. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint was established using ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and the in vitro antioxidant activity was determined using a total antioxidant capacity assay kit. [...] Read more.
To establish a quality evaluation and identification method for Phyllanthi fructus (Yuganzi), the spectrum-effect relationship was explored. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint was established using ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and the in vitro antioxidant activity was determined using a total antioxidant capacity assay kit. Similarity analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were performed to establish the spectrum-effect relationships. Thirteen batches of Yuganzi were collected for testing. The results revealed that the optimal chromatographic conditions for the HPLC fingerprint were as follows: the mobile phase consisted of 0.1% phosphoric acid solution (A) and acetonitrile (B), the detection wavelength was 214 nm, the column temperature was 30 °C, and the flow rate was 0.8 mL/min. Among the batches of samples, the similarity values of 10 samples (S1–S10) from Yunnan were larger than 0.995; the similarity values of 3 samples (S11–S13) from India, Gaoligong Mountain, and Fujian were less than or equal to 0.986. Furthermore, nineteen characteristic peaks of Yuganzi were calibrated using fingerprint evaluation software. The study on the spectrum-effect relationship further revealed that compounds corresponding to peaks 5 and 8 were potentially key ingredients for the quality evaluation and identification of Yuganzi, closely related to the stable antioxidant activities of Yuganzi. The spectrum-effect relationship is an agile and efficient approach that can ensure the intra-assay stability of Yuganzi from same region and identify Yuganzi from different regions. Compounds with antioxidant activity can be identified as quality markers for Yuganzi. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Analysis of Natural Products and Pharmaceuticals)
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26 pages, 4888 KiB  
Article
Designing a Reverse Logistics Network for End-of-Life Vehicles in an Uncertain Environment
by Meiling He, Qipeng Li, Tianhe Lin, Jiangyang Fan, Xiaohui Wu and Xun Han
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(4), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15040140 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The strategic development of reverse logistics networks is crucial for addressing the common challenge of low recovery rates for end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) in China. To minimize the total cost of the reverse logistics network for ELVs, this paper proposes a mixed-integer linear programming [...] Read more.
The strategic development of reverse logistics networks is crucial for addressing the common challenge of low recovery rates for end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) in China. To minimize the total cost of the reverse logistics network for ELVs, this paper proposes a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model. The model considers the recycling volume of different vehicle types, facility processing capacity, and the proportions of parts and materials. Building on this foundation, a fuzzy mixed-integer nonlinear programming (FMINLP) model is developed to account for the inherent uncertainty associated with recycling volumes and facility processing capacities. The model was solved using Lingo, and its effectiveness was validated using Jiangsu Province of China as a case study, followed by a sensitivity analysis. The results indicate that dismantling and machining centers incur the highest processing costs. Variations in recycling volume and facility handling capacity significantly impact total costs and site selection, with the former having a more pronounced effect. Increasing facility processing capacity effectively increases the recovery rate. Moreover, a higher confidence level corresponds to higher total costs and a greater demand for facilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Vehicle System Dynamics and Control)
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15 pages, 698 KiB  
Article
Effects of Manual Therapy Plus Pain Neuroscience Education with Integrated Motivational Interviewing in Individuals with Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial Study
by Konstantinos Kasimis, Thomas Apostolou, Ilias Kallistratos, Dimitrios Lytras and Paris Iakovidis
Medicina 2024, 60(4), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040556 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Chronic non-specific low back pain (CNLBP) persists beyond 12 weeks. Manual therapy recommended for CNLBP demonstrates short-term efficacy. Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE) teaches patients to modify pain perception through explanations, metaphors, and examples, targeting brain re-education. Motivational Interviewing (MI) [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Chronic non-specific low back pain (CNLBP) persists beyond 12 weeks. Manual therapy recommended for CNLBP demonstrates short-term efficacy. Pain Neuroscience Education (PNE) teaches patients to modify pain perception through explanations, metaphors, and examples, targeting brain re-education. Motivational Interviewing (MI) enhances motivation for behavioral change, steering patients away from ambivalence and uncertainty. These approaches collectively address the multifaceted nature of CNLBP for effective management. The aim of this study was to investigate a manual therapy intervention combined with PNE with MI on pain, pressure pain threshold (PPT), disability, kinesiophobia, catastrophizing, and low back functional ability in individuals experiencing CNLBP. Materials and Methods: Sixty adults with CNLBP were randomly divided into three equal groups (each n = 20). The first group received manual therapy and PNE with integrated MI (combined therapy group), the second group underwent only manual therapy (manual therapy group), and the third group followed a general exercise program at home (control group). Pain in the last 24 h was assessed using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), functional ability with the Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), PPT in the lumbar region through pressure algometry, kinesiophobia with the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), catastrophizing with the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), and performance using the Back Performance Scale (BPS) at baseline, in the fourth week, and six months post-intervention. Results: Statistically significant differences between the intervention groups and the control group were found in both the fourth-week measurement and the six-month follow-up, as evident in the NPRS and RMDQ scores, as well as in the total values of tested PPTs (p < 0.05). Differences were also observed between the two intervention groups, with a statistically greater improvement in the combined therapy group at both time points (fourth week and six-month follow-up) (p < 0.05). Regarding the TSK and PCS scores in the fourth week, statistically significant differences were observed between the two intervention groups compared to the control group, as well as between the two intervention groups (p < 0.05). However, in the six-month follow-up, statistically significant differences were found only between the combined therapy group and the other two groups, with the combined therapy group showing significant improvements (p < 0.05). In relation to BPS, both intervention groups exhibited statistically significant differences compared to the control group in the fourth week, without any significant differences between the two intervention groups. However, in the six-month follow-up, significant differences were noted between the combined therapy group and the other two groups (p < 0.05), with combined therapy demonstrating greater improvement. Conclusions: The addition of PNE with integrated MI enhanced the positive effects of a manual therapy intervention in all outcome measures. The combination of manual therapy plus PNE with integrated MI appeared to provide greater improvements compared to the isolated application of manual therapy, and these improvements also lasted longer. These short- and long-term positive effects are likely attributed to the combination of PNE with integrated MI, which contributed to increasing the effectiveness of the treatment. Further studies are required to investigate the optimum dosage of manual therapy and PNE with integrated MI in individuals with CNLBP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neurology)
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14 pages, 2348 KiB  
Article
Jitter Measurements of 1 cm2 LGADs for Space Experiments
by Ashish Bisht, Leo Cavazzini, Matteo Centis Vignali, Fabiola Caso, Omar Hammad Ali, Francesco Ficorella, Maurizio Boscardin and Giovanni Paternoster
Instruments 2024, 8(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8020027 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
This work explores the possibility of using Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGADs) for tracker-based experiments studying Charged Cosmic Rays (CCRs) in space. While conventional silicon microstrip sensors provide only spatial information about the charged particle passing through the tracker, LGADs have the potential [...] Read more.
This work explores the possibility of using Low Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGADs) for tracker-based experiments studying Charged Cosmic Rays (CCRs) in space. While conventional silicon microstrip sensors provide only spatial information about the charged particle passing through the tracker, LGADs have the potential to provide additional timing information with a resolution in the order of tens of picoseconds. For the first time, it has been demonstrated that an LGAD with an active area of approximately 1 cm2 can achieve a jitter of less than 40 ps. A comparison of design and gain layers is carried out to understand which provides the best time resolution. For this purpose, laboratory measurements of sensors’ electrical properties and gain using LED and an Infrared laser, as well as their jitter, were performed. Full article
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11 pages, 594 KiB  
Article
Disentangling Gender and Relative Age Effects in Women’s and Girls’ Rugby Union
by Adam L. Kelly, Diogo Coutinho, John M. Radnor, Kate Burke, Donald Barrell, Daniel Jackson and Paolo R. Brustio
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020061 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Relative age effects (RAEs) within sports refer to the overrepresentation of athletes born earlier in the selection year and the underrepresentation of those born later in the selection year. Research examining RAEs in women’s and girls’ rugby union remains limited in comparison to [...] Read more.
Relative age effects (RAEs) within sports refer to the overrepresentation of athletes born earlier in the selection year and the underrepresentation of those born later in the selection year. Research examining RAEs in women’s and girls’ rugby union remains limited in comparison to the male literature, whilst the impacts of RAEs on the youth–senior transition are yet to be explored in a female sport context. As such, the purpose of this study was to examine RAEs during entry into the women’s and girls’ premiership and international rugby union pathways in England, as well as to compare them to their respective senior cohort (n = 1367): (a) U18 England Rugby Centre of Excellence Player (n = 325) vs. Senior Premiership Player (n = 868), and (b) U18 England Player (n = 49) vs. Senior England Player (n = 125). Chi-square (χ2) analyses compared birth quarter (BQ) distributions against expected distributions. The findings revealed no significant difference in BQ distributions at either youth or senior levels, as well as no significant differences in the BQ distributions of those who were likely to transition from youth to senior levels (all p > 0.05). Importantly, though, descriptive statistics showed a skewed birthdate distribution in both U18 England Rugby Centre of Excellence Player (BQ1 = 30% vs. BQ4 = 20%) and U18 England Player cohorts (BQ1 = 33% vs. BQ4 = 18%). We highlight the gender-specific mechanisms that potentially explain the variations between male and female RAEs in rugby union, including developmental differences, sport popularity, and sociocultural norms. We also warn against a ‘copy and paste’ template from the male provision to ensure the recent growth of female rugby union does not fall victim to the same RAEs in the future. Full article
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11 pages, 221 KiB  
Article
Visiting with Elders—Aging, Caregiving, and Planning for Future Generations of American Indians and Alaska Natives
by Cole Allick and Marija Bogic
Genealogy 2024, 8(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy8020036 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
(1) Background: To address the importance of engaging American Indian and Alaska Native Elders in a dialogue about healthy aging and fill the gap in the scholarly literature on this topic. (2) Methods: This study conducted a listening session with Elders who attended [...] Read more.
(1) Background: To address the importance of engaging American Indian and Alaska Native Elders in a dialogue about healthy aging and fill the gap in the scholarly literature on this topic. (2) Methods: This study conducted a listening session with Elders who attended the 2021 National Indian Council on Aging (NICOA) Annual Conference in Reno, Nevada. The listening session was audio-recorded and transcribed for thematic analysis by two analysts. (3) Results: Important insights regarding American Indian and Alaska Native Elders’ perspectives on planning for future care and aging-related diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease. (4) Conclusions: This study is one of the first to engage American Indian and Alaska Native Elders in a conversation about health aging. Calls for intergenerational solidarity, protection of Elders, education, and relationality were found to be important themes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Health and Wellbeing of Indigenous Peoples)
16 pages, 5943 KiB  
Article
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Enhances P Uptake and Indole-3-Acetic Acid Accumulation to Improve Root Morphology in Different Citrus Genotypes
by Chunyan Liu, Xiaoniu Guo, Fengjun Dai and Qiangsheng Wu
Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040339 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to enhance plant growth via stimulation of root system development. However, the extent of their effects and underlying mechanisms across different citrus genotypes remain to be fully elucidated. This study investigates the impact of Funneliformis mosseae ( [...] Read more.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to enhance plant growth via stimulation of root system development. However, the extent of their effects and underlying mechanisms across different citrus genotypes remain to be fully elucidated. This study investigates the impact of Funneliformis mosseae (F. mosseae) inoculation on plant growth performance, root morphology, phosphorus (P), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentrations, as well as the expression of related synthesis and transporter genes in three citrus genotypes: red tangerine (Citrus tangerine ex. Tanaka), kumquat (Fortunella margarita L. Swingle), and fragrant citrus (Citrus junos Sieb. ex. Tanaka). Following 12 weeks of inoculation, significant improvements were observed in plant height, shoot and root biomass, total root length, average root diameter, second-order lateral root development, root hair density, and root hair length across all genotypes. Additionally, F. mosseae inoculation significantly increased root P and IAA concentrations in the three citrus genotypes. Notably, phosphatase activity was enhanced in F. margarita but reduced in C. tangerine and C. junos following inoculation. Gene expression analysis revealed a universal upregulation of the P transporter gene PT5, whereas expressions of the auxin synthesis gene YUC2, transporter gene LAX2, and phosphatase gene PAP1 were commonly downregulated. Specific to genotypes, expressions of YUC5, LAX5, PIN2, PIN3, PIN6, and expansin genes EXPA2 and EXPA4 were significantly upregulated in C. tangerine but downregulated in F. margarita and C. junos. Principal component analysis and correlation assessments highlighted a strong positive association between P concentration, P and auxin synthesis, and transporter gene expressions with most root morphology traits, except for root average diameter. Conversely, IAA content and phosphatase activities were negatively correlated with these root traits. These findings suggest that F. mosseae colonization notably enhances plant growth and root system architecture in citrus genotypes via modifications in P transport and IAA accumulation, indicating a complex interplay between mycorrhizal symbiosis and host plant physiology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Citrus Plant Growth and Fruit Quality)
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16 pages, 2999 KiB  
Article
A Study of Thermal Runaway Mechanisms in Lithium-Ion Batteries and Predictive Numerical Modeling Techniques
by Alexander Sorensen, Vivek Utgikar and Jeffrey Belt
Batteries 2024, 10(4), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10040116 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
While thermal runaway characterization and prediction is an important aspect of lithium-ion battery engineering and development, it is a requirement to ensure that a battery system can be safe under normal operations and during failure events. This study investigated the current existing literature [...] Read more.
While thermal runaway characterization and prediction is an important aspect of lithium-ion battery engineering and development, it is a requirement to ensure that a battery system can be safe under normal operations and during failure events. This study investigated the current existing literature regarding lithium-ion battery thermal runaway characterization and predictive modeling methods. A thermal model for thermal runaway prediction was adapted from the literature and is presented in this paper along with a comparison of empirical data and predicted data using the model. Empirical data were collected from a Samsung 30Q 18650 cylindrical cell and from a large 20 Ah pouch cell format using accelerated rate calorimetry. The predictive model was executed in a macro-enabled Microsoft Excel workbook for simplicity and accessibility for the public. The primary purpose of using more primitive modeling software was to provide an accurate model that was generally accessible without the purchase of or training in a specific modeling software package. The modes of heat transfer during the thermal runaway event were studied and are reported in this work, along with insights on thermal management during a thermal runaway failure event. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Recent Advances in Battery Management Systems)
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30 pages, 7828 KiB  
Article
Ostrom’s Razor: Using Bitcoin to Cut Fraud in Hollywood Accounting
by Ted Rivera and Dave Foderick
J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17(4), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17040139 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The accounting principles prevalent in Hollywood are seemingly crafted to mislead creators and investors. Film studios and streaming platforms have been found to use complex strategies to annually divert millions in net profits. Many contracts include audit clauses, but the cost of auditing [...] Read more.
The accounting principles prevalent in Hollywood are seemingly crafted to mislead creators and investors. Film studios and streaming platforms have been found to use complex strategies to annually divert millions in net profits. Many contracts include audit clauses, but the cost of auditing a billion-dollar system is prohibitive for most creatives with “net profit” deals. However, a resourceful minority have recovered billions in profits and damages. We suggest using Bitcoin’s transparent, immutable ledger to eliminate fraudulent accounting and build trust among profit-seeking filmmakers willing to trade maximum income for maximum profit per share. This trust can be spread globally utilizing the Bitcoin network as a transparent and immutable triple-entry accounting system. Our research shows that distributing this decentralized trust is achievable by configuring an ecosystem of existing Bitcoin wallets, applications, and recorded contracts to create a universal source of truth for all parties assisting in the creation of valuable content in the form of movies. This network can form the foundation on which to build a legal blockchain infrastructure that can eventually facilitate the sale of tokenized securities, discretely disseminate recorded financial data, and transparently distribute revenue to a collective of filmmakers indefinitely. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Triple Entry Accounting)
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16 pages, 5342 KiB  
Article
Optimizing ‘Xinomavro’ (Vitis vinifera L.) Performance by Post-Bloom Basal Leaf Removal Applications
by Serafeim Theocharis, Dimitrios Taskos, Theodoros Gkrimpizis, Kleopatra-Eleni Nikolaou, Dimitrios-Evangelos Miliordos and Stefanos Koundouras
Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040340 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
A three-year study was conducted to investigate the effects of two timings—at berry set and at veraison—of post-bloom leaf removal (LR) applications from the basal sections of the shoot on the growth, yield, and berry composition of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Xinomavro, the [...] Read more.
A three-year study was conducted to investigate the effects of two timings—at berry set and at veraison—of post-bloom leaf removal (LR) applications from the basal sections of the shoot on the growth, yield, and berry composition of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Xinomavro, the major red winegrape of North Greece. LR at berry set drastically reduced yield by affecting all its components while increasing the ratio of secondary foliage per total leaf area. LR at veraison had a milder effect on growth and yield. Both treatments increased sugar and phenolic compound levels in berries, while early LR increased the contribution of more stable forms of anthocyanins. Additionally, early LR increased the skin-to-pulp ratio, suggesting that it could be an effective viticultural technique for more concentrated red wines. Overall, both LR timings improved most of the berry attributes compared to the non-treated vines; however, the earlier application can be recommended when aiming at the production of deep-colored and richly flavored wines. Full article
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