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23 pages, 12234 KiB  
Article
High-Precision Time Difference of Arrival Estimation Method Based on Phase Measurement
by Jihao Xin, Xuyang Ge, Yuan Zhang, Xingdong Liang, Hang Li, Linghao Wu, Jiashuo Wei and Xiangxi Bu
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(7), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16071197 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
In unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based time difference of arrival (TDOA) positioning technique, baselines are limited due to communication constraints. In this case, the accuracy is highly sensitive to the TDOA measurements’ error. This article primarily addresses the problem of short-baseline high-precision time synchronization [...] Read more.
In unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based time difference of arrival (TDOA) positioning technique, baselines are limited due to communication constraints. In this case, the accuracy is highly sensitive to the TDOA measurements’ error. This article primarily addresses the problem of short-baseline high-precision time synchronization and TDOA measurement. We conducted a detailed analysis of error models in TDOA systems, considering both the time and phase measurement. We utilize the frequency division wireless phase synchronization technique in TDOA systems. Building upon this synchronization scheme, we propose a novel time delay estimation method that relies on phase measurements based on the integer least squares method. The performance of this method is demonstrated through Monte Carlo simulations and outdoor experiments. The standard deviations of synchronization and TDOA measurements in experiments are 1.12 ps and 1.66 ps, respectively. Furthermore, the circular error probable (CEP) accuracy is improved from 0.33%R to 0.02%R, offering support for the practical application of distributed short-baseline high-precision passive location techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unconventional Drone-Based Surveying 2nd Edition)
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16 pages, 2424 KiB  
Article
Serum Levels of Copper and Zinc and Survival in Breast Cancer Patients
by Marek Szwiec, Wojciech Marciniak, Ró?a Derkacz, Tomasz Huzarski, Jacek Gronwald, Cezary Cybulski, Tadeusz D?bniak, Anna Jakubowska, Marcin R. Lener, Micha? Falco, Józef K?adny, Piotr Baszuk, Joanne Kotsopoulos, Steven A. Narod and Jan Lubiński
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071000 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
There is emerging interest in the relationship between several serum micronutrients and the prognosis of patients with breast cancer. The relationship between serum zinc and copper levels and breast cancer prognosis is unclear. In our study, we included 583 patients with breast cancer [...] Read more.
There is emerging interest in the relationship between several serum micronutrients and the prognosis of patients with breast cancer. The relationship between serum zinc and copper levels and breast cancer prognosis is unclear. In our study, we included 583 patients with breast cancer diagnosed between 2008 and 2015 in the region of Szczecin, Poland. In a blood sample obtained before treatment, serum zinc and copper levels were quantified by mass spectroscopy. Each patient was assigned to one of four categories (quartiles) based on the distribution of the elements in the entire cohort. Patients were followed from diagnosis to death over a mean of 10.0 years. The 10-year overall survival was 58.3% for women in the highest and 82.1% for those in the lowest quartile of serum copper/zinc ratio (p < 0.001). The multivariate hazard ratio (HR) for breast cancer death was 2.07 (95% CI 1.17–3.63; p = 0.01) for patients in the highest quartile of serum copper/zinc ratio compared to those in the lowest. There is evidence that the serum zinc level and copper/zinc ratio provide an independent predictive value for overall survival and breast cancer-specific survival after breast cancer diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)
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16 pages, 3397 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Canopy on Nutrient Fluxes through Rainfall Partitioning in a Mixed Broadleaf and Coniferous Forest
by Junhui Yang, Anzhi Wang, Lidu Shen, Guanhua Dai, Yage Liu, Yuan Zhang, Wenli Fei and Jiabing Wu
Forests 2024, 15(4), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15040623 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Rainfall constitutes the primary input in the nutrient flux within forest ecosystems. The forest canopy modulates this flux by partitioning rainfall and selectively absorbing or adding nutrients. In mixed forests, variation in tree species composition regulates rainwater chemical composition, potentially leading to spatial [...] Read more.
Rainfall constitutes the primary input in the nutrient flux within forest ecosystems. The forest canopy modulates this flux by partitioning rainfall and selectively absorbing or adding nutrients. In mixed forests, variation in tree species composition regulates rainwater chemical composition, potentially leading to spatial heterogeneity in nutrient distribution and influencing nutrient cycling processes. This study examined the partitioning of rainfall into throughfall and stemflow, as well as their associated nutrient concentrations and fluxes, in a mixed broadleaf and coniferous forest on Changbai Mountain in Northeast China. We observed a rising trend in nutrient contents from rainfall to throughfall and then stemflow. The nutrient contents of stemflow varied largely with tree species due to the differences in canopy structure and bark morphological characteristics. The nutrient input contributed by throughfall and stemflow was 92.30 kg ha−1 during the observation period, and most elements underwent passive leaching through washout except for F and Na+. We note that the nutrient fluxes in stemflow differed among tree species, with Pinus koraiensis (PK) delivering more acid group anions and Quercus mongolica (QM) providing more cations. Our research provides new insights into nutrient cycling within mixed forest canopies, sparking a transformative advancement in forest management and protection strategies through hydrochemistry-driven solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Hydrology)
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19 pages, 4750 KiB  
Article
Unveiling Torrential Flood Dynamics: A Comprehensive Study of Spatio-Temporal Patterns in the Šumadija Region, Serbia
by Ana M. Petrovi?, Igor Le??e?en and Ivan Radevski
Water 2024, 16(7), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16070991 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of flood frequency and a spatio-temporal characterization of historical torrential floods in the Šumadija region using water discharge datasets and documented events. A chronology of 344 recorded torrential flood events, spanning from 1929 to 2020, illustrates the [...] Read more.
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of flood frequency and a spatio-temporal characterization of historical torrential floods in the Šumadija region using water discharge datasets and documented events. A chronology of 344 recorded torrential flood events, spanning from 1929 to 2020, illustrates the region’s vulnerability, with a death toll exceeding 43. The study defines the intra-annual primary and secondary peaks of torrential flood occurrences and explains their spatial distribution. Furthermore, the identification of suitable probability distribution functions underscores the necessity of tailored approaches for effective flood risk management in this diverse geographical environment. The study employed Flood Frequency Analysis (FFA) and goodness-of-fit tests, including the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) and Cramér–von Mises (CvM) tests, to assess the frequency and magnitude of flood events and evaluate diverse distribution functions. The main results include the identification of suitable probability distribution functions for each river within the region, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches in flood risk management. Additionally, discharge values for various return periods offer crucial insights for informed decision-making in flood risk management and infrastructure planning. Full article
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15 pages, 7082 KiB  
Article
Machine Learning Phase Prediction of Light-Weight High-Entropy Alloys Containing Aluminum, Magnesium, and Lithium
by Shenglong Li, Rui Liu, Hongwei Yan, Zhihui Li, Yanan Li, Xiwu Li, Yongan Zhang and Baiqing Xiong
Metals 2024, 14(4), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14040400 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
With the development of society, there is an increasingly urgent demand for light-weight, high-strength, and high-temperature-resistant structural materials. High-entropy alloys (HEAs) owe much of their unusual properties to the selection among three phases: solid solution (SS), intermetallic compound (IM), and mixed SS and [...] Read more.
With the development of society, there is an increasingly urgent demand for light-weight, high-strength, and high-temperature-resistant structural materials. High-entropy alloys (HEAs) owe much of their unusual properties to the selection among three phases: solid solution (SS), intermetallic compound (IM), and mixed SS and IM (SS and IM). Therefore, accurate phase prediction is crucial for guiding the selection of element combinations to form HEAs with desired properties. Light high-entropy alloys (LHEAs), as a significant branch of HEAs, exhibit excellent performance in terms of specific strength. In this study, we employ a machine learning (ML) method to realize the design of light-weight high-entropy alloys based on solid solutions. We determined the Gradient Boosting Classifier model as the best machine learning model through a two-step feature and model selection, in which its accuracy and F1_Score achieve 0.9166 and 0.8923. According to the predicted results, we obtained Al28Li35Mg15Zn10Cu12 LHEAs, which are mainly composed of 90% solid solution. This alloy accords with the prediction results of machine learning. But it is made up of a two-phase solid solution. In order to obtain a light-weight high-entropy alloy dominated by a single solid solution, we designed Al24Li15Mg26Zn9Cu26 LHEAs on the basis of machine learning prediction results accompanied by expert experience. Its main structure includes a single-phase solid solution. Our work provides an alternative approach to the computational design of HEAs and provides a direction for future exploration of light-weight high-entropy alloys. Full article
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20 pages, 1949 KiB  
Article
Long-Term Region-Specific Mitochondrial Functionality Changes in Both Cerebral Hemispheres after fMCAo Model of Ischemic Stroke
by Ksenija Lūcija Bahire, Reinis Ma?uhins, Fiona Bello, Jolanta Upīte, Aleksandrs Makarovs and Baiba Jansone
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040416 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) refers to a secondary brain injury that results in mitochondrial dysfunction of variable extent, leading to neuronal cell damage. The impact of this process has mainly been studied in the short term, from the early hours up to one week [...] Read more.
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) refers to a secondary brain injury that results in mitochondrial dysfunction of variable extent, leading to neuronal cell damage. The impact of this process has mainly been studied in the short term, from the early hours up to one week after blood flow reperfusion, and in the ischemic hemisphere only. The focus of this study was to assess the long-term impacts of I/R on mitochondrial functionality using high-resolution fluorespirometry to evaluate state-dependent activities in both ischemic (ipsilateral) and non-ischemic (contralateral) hemispheres of male mice 60, 90, 120, and 180 days after I/R caused by 60-min-long filament-induced middle cerebral artery occlusion (fMCAo). Our results indicate that in cortical tissues, succinate-supported oxygen flux (Complex I&II OXPHOS state) and H2O2 production (Complex II LEAK state) were significantly decreased in the fMCAo (stroke) group ipsilateral hemisphere compared to measurements in the contralateral hemisphere 60 and 90 days after stroke. In hippocampal tissues, during the Complex I&II ET state, mitochondrial respiration was generally lower in the ipsilateral compared to the contralateral hemisphere 90 days following stroke. An aging-dependent impact on mitochondria oxygen consumption following I/R injury was observed 180 days after surgery, wherein Complex I&II activities were lowest in both hemispheres. The obtained results highlight the importance of long-term studies in the field of ischemic stroke, particularly when evaluating mitochondrial bioenergetics in specific brain regions within and between separately affected cerebral hemispheres. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and Pathophysiology of Stroke)
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13 pages, 3938 KiB  
Article
Surface Quality Related to Face Milling Parameters in 3D Printed Carbon Fiber-Reinforced PETG
by Mohamad El Mehtedi, Pasquale Buonadonna, Gabriela Loi, Rayane El Mohtadi, Mauro Carta and Francesco Aymerich
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(4), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8040128 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Three-dimensional printing technology holds significant potential for enhancing the flexibility and cost-efficiency of producing carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs). However, it faces limitations such as challenges in achieving high surface qualityand precise dimensional accuracy and managing the distinctive anisotropic mechanical properties that it [...] Read more.
Three-dimensional printing technology holds significant potential for enhancing the flexibility and cost-efficiency of producing carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs). However, it faces limitations such as challenges in achieving high surface qualityand precise dimensional accuracy and managing the distinctive anisotropic mechanical properties that it demonstrates. This study aims to explore the machinability of 3D printed PETG infused with 20% short carbon fiber and to assess the resulting surface roughness and burr formation. Employing a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach, three factors were considered: rotational speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. These factors were tested at varying levels—rotational speeds of 3000, 5500, and 8000 rpm; feed rates of 400, 600, and 800 mm/min; and depth of cut values of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mm. The evaluation of machinability relied on two key response parameters: surface roughness (Sa) determined from the milled surface and burr height measured on both sides using a roughness meter. The findings revealed a significant influence of milling parameters on both roughness and burr formation. However, the ideal conditions for minimizing roughness and reducing burr formation did not align. Furthermore, a comparative analysis was conducted between these results and the machinability of PETG under similar conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fiber Composites, Volume III)
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11 pages, 1698 KiB  
Article
Intraoral Soft Tissue Lesions in 6-Year-Old Schoolchildren in Regions of Southern Ecuador: An Epidemiological Study
by Eleonor Vélez-León, Alberto Albaladejo, Emilia Guerrero, Ginger Galván and María Melo
Children 2024, 11(4), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11040406 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Oral Mucosal Lesions (OMLs) are conditions of the oral mucosa that cause alterations in their presentation and pain in the affected patient, highlighting their importance for study. The aim of this research is to determine the prevalence of oral lesions in the Ecuadorian [...] Read more.
Oral Mucosal Lesions (OMLs) are conditions of the oral mucosa that cause alterations in their presentation and pain in the affected patient, highlighting their importance for study. The aim of this research is to determine the prevalence of oral lesions in the Ecuadorian Austro. Descriptive statistics were used to associate variables, yielding statistically significant findings based on oral lesions, sex, and geographical environment. This study was conducted under the appropriate bioethical permissions. The results obtained correspond to the prevalence of lesions by province. Morona Santiago displays a rate of 17% for abscesses, surpassing the provinces of Azuay (13.50%) and Cañar (10.67%). However, gingivitis for pathology, Azuay stands out with 13.17%, while Cañar and Morona Santiago present 10.50% and 8.33%, respectively. There is also a predominant occurrence of abscesses in rural areas (41.17%) compared to urban ones (26.33%). Regarding sex, girls show a higher percentage of abscesses (41.17%) compared to boys who have a clear tendency to present GUM lesions (22.33%). The data indicates that in the studied provinces, geographical environment and sex are key variables to understand the distribution of oral lesions. These findings encourage us to continue pursuing this type of research, which contributes to improving the quality of life for children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Dentistry)
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20 pages, 4738 KiB  
Article
Trans-Boundary Dust Transport of Dust Storms in Northern China: A Study Utilizing Ground-Based Lidar Network and CALIPSO Satellite
by Zhisheng Zhang, Zhiqiang Kuang, Caixia Yu, Decheng Wu, Qibing Shi, Shuai Zhang, Zhenzhu Wang and Dong Liu
Remote Sens. 2024, 16(7), 1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16071196 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
During 14–16 March 2021, a large-scale dust storm event occurred in the northern region of China, and it was considered the most intense event in the past decade. This study employs observation data for PM2.5 and PM10 from the air quality monitoring station, [...] Read more.
During 14–16 March 2021, a large-scale dust storm event occurred in the northern region of China, and it was considered the most intense event in the past decade. This study employs observation data for PM2.5 and PM10 from the air quality monitoring station, the HYSPLIT model, ground-based polarized Lidar networks, AGRI payload data from Fengyun satellites and CALIPSO satellite Lidar data to jointly explore and scrutinize the three-dimensional spatial and temporal characteristics of aerosol transport. Firstly, by integrating meteorological data for PM2.5 and PM10, the air quality is assessed across six stations within the Lidar network during the dust storm. Secondly, employing a backward trajectory tracking model, the study elucidates sources of dust at the Lidar network sites. Thirdly, deploying a newly devised portable infrared 1064 nm Lidar and a pulsed 532 nm Lidar, a ground-based Lidar observation network is established for vertical probing of transboundary dust transport within the observed region. Finally, by incorporating cloud imagery from Fengyun satellites and CALIPSO satellite Lidar data, this study revealed the classification of dust and the height distribution of dust layers at pertinent sites within the Lidar observation network. The findings affirm that the eastward movement and southward compression of the intensifying Mongolian cyclone led to severe dust storm weather in western and southern Mongolia, as well as Inner Mongolia, further transporting dust into northern, northwestern, and northeastern parts of China. This dust event wielded a substantial impact on a broad expanse in northern China, manifesting in localized dust storms in Inner Mongolia, Beijing, Gansu, and surrounding areas. In essence, the dust emanated from the deserts in Mongolia and northwest China, encompassing both deserts and the Gobi region. The amalgamation of ground-based and spaceborne Lidar observations conclusively establishes that the distribution height of dust in the source region ranged from 3 to 5 km. Influenced by high-pressure systems, the protracted transport of dust over extensive distances prompted a gradual reduction in its distribution height owing to sedimentation. The comprehensive analysis of pertinent research data and information collectively affirms the precision and efficacy of the three-dimensional aerosol monitoring conducted by the ground-based Lidar network within the region. Full article
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25 pages, 1398 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Twenty Selected Fenugreek Genotypes Grown under Irrigated and Dryland Conditions: Morphology, Yield, Quality Properties and Antioxidant Activities
by Mahmut Camlica and Gulsum Yaldiz
Agronomy 2024, 14(4), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040713 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
In this study, 18 fenugreek genotypes and two cultivars were cultivated under irrigated and dryland conditions to determine the morphological, yield, quality, and bioactive properties. The morphological and seed yield values showed differences among the fenugreek genotypes and cultivars. The PI 286532 and [...] Read more.
In this study, 18 fenugreek genotypes and two cultivars were cultivated under irrigated and dryland conditions to determine the morphological, yield, quality, and bioactive properties. The morphological and seed yield values showed differences among the fenugreek genotypes and cultivars. The PI 286532 and PI 639185 genotypes for total alkaloid content and the PI 426973 and PI 572538 genotypes for trigonelline content were prominent under both irrigated and dryland conditions. The PI 215615 and PI 286532 genotypes were found to be rich in fixed oil contents under two growing conditions, while all fenugreek genotypes had high linoleic contents. The PI 568215 and PI 251640 genotypes and the gürarslan cultivar had the highest antioxidant activity compared with the other genotypes. The PI 215615 and PI 302448 genotypes and the gürarslan cultivar were found to be superior with respect to phenolic and flavonoid contents. Generally, the cluster analysis clustered the genotypes into two main groups and two sub-groups. Group B included more than 66% of the genotypes and cultivars. The biplot analysis accounted for over 53% of total variations. As a result of this study, most of the genotypes were found to be high in the examined properties, and these genotypes were good sources of natural components with potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Crop Breeding and Genetics)
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13 pages, 5523 KiB  
Article
DNA Content in Embryonic Extracellular Vesicles Is Independent of the Apoptotic Rate in Bovine Embryos Produced In Vitro
by Diego Caama?o, Joel Cabezas, Constanza Aguilera, Ioanna Martinez, Yat Sen Wong, Daniela Sanhueza Sagredo, Belén Iba?ez, Sebastián Rodriguez, Fidel Ovidio Castro and Lleretny Rodriguez-Alvarez
Animals 2024, 14(7), 1041; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14071041 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Pre-implantation embryos release extracellular vesicles containing different molecules, including DNA. The presence of embryonic DNA in E-EVs released into the culture medium during in vitro embryo production could be useful for genetic diagnosis. However, the vesicles containing DNA might be derived from embryos [...] Read more.
Pre-implantation embryos release extracellular vesicles containing different molecules, including DNA. The presence of embryonic DNA in E-EVs released into the culture medium during in vitro embryo production could be useful for genetic diagnosis. However, the vesicles containing DNA might be derived from embryos suffering from apoptosis, i.e., embryos of bad quality. This work intended to confirm that embryos release DNA that is useful for genotyping by evaluating the effect of embryonic apoptosis on DNA content in E-EVs. Bovine embryos were produced by parthenogenesis and in vitro fertilization (IVF). On Day 5, morulae were transferred to individual cultures in an EV-depleted SOF medium. On Day 7, embryos were used to evaluate cellular apoptosis, and each culture medium was collected to evaluate E-EV concentration, characterization, and DNA quantification. While no effect of the origin of the embryo on the apoptotic rate was found, arrested morulae had a higher apoptotic rate. E-EVs containing DNA were identified in all samples, and the concentration of those vesicles was not affected by the origin or quality of the embryos. However, the concentration of DNA was higher in EVs released by the arrested parthenogenetic embryos. There was a correlation between the concentration of E-EVs, the concentration of DNA-positive E-EVs, and the concentration of DNA. There was no negative effect of apoptotic rate on DNA-positive E-EVs and DNA concentration; however, embryos of the best quality with a low apoptotic rate still released EVs containing DNA. This study confirms that the presence of DNA in E-EVs is independent of embryo quality. Therefore, E-EVs could be used in liquid biopsy for noninvasive genetic diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Reproduction)
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13 pages, 2083 KiB  
Review
Three-Dimensional Structure of Novel Liver Cancer Biomarker Liver Cancer-Specific Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal (LC-SPIK) and Its Performance in Clinical Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)
by Felix Lu, Connor Ott, Prabha Bista and Xuanyong Lu
Diagnostics 2024, 14(7), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14070725 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
LC-SPIK is a liver cancer-specific isoform of Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal and has been proposed as a new biomarker for the detection of HCC given its unique 3D structure, which differs from normal pancreatic SPIK. An ELISA technology based on its unique structure [...] Read more.
LC-SPIK is a liver cancer-specific isoform of Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal and has been proposed as a new biomarker for the detection of HCC given its unique 3D structure, which differs from normal pancreatic SPIK. An ELISA technology based on its unique structure was developed to use LC-SPIK as an effective biomarker for the clinical diagnosis of HCC. AFP, the most widely used biomarker for HCC surveillance currently, suffers from poor clinical performance, especially in the detection of early-stage HCC. In one case–control study, which included 164 HCC patients and 324 controls, LC-SPIK had an AUC of 0.87 compared to only 0.70 for AFP in distinguishing HCC from liver disease controls (cirrhosis, HBV/HCV). LC-SPIK also performed significantly better than AFP for the 81 patients with early-stage HCC (BCLC stage 0 and A), with an AUC of 0.85 compared to only 0.61 for AFP. Cirrhosis is the major risk factor for HCC; about 80% of patients with newly diagnosed HCC have preexisting cirrhosis. LC-SPIK’s clinical performance was also studied in HCC patients with viral and non-viral cirrhosis, including cirrhosis caused by metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD). In a total of 163 viral cirrhosis patients with 93 HCC patients (50 early-stage), LC-SPIK had an AUC of 0.85, while AFP had an AUC of 0.70. For patients with early-stage HCC, LC-SPIK had a similar AUC of 0.83, while AFP had an AUC of only 0.60. For 120 patients with nonviral cirrhosis, including 62 HCC (23 early-stage) patients, LC-SPIK had an AUC of 0.84, while AFP had an AUC of only 0.72. For the 23 patients with early-stage HCC, LC-SPIK had a similar AUC of 0.83, while the AUC for AFP decreased to 0.65. All these results suggest that LC-SPIK exhibits significantly better performance in the detection of HCC than AFP in all etiologies of liver diseases. In addition, LC-SPIK accurately detected the presence of HCC in 71–91% of HCC patients with false-negative AFP test results in viral-associated HCC and non-viral-associated HCC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improvement of Diagnostic Sensitivity for Tumor Markers)
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10 pages, 248 KiB  
Article
Nursing Practice of Airway Care Interventions and Prone Positioning in ICU Patients with COVID-19—A Dutch National Survey
by Andrea A. Esmeijer, Fleur van der Ven, Eveline Koornstra, Laurien Kuipers, Paula van Oosten, Pien Swart, Christel M. Valk, Marcus J. Schultz, Frederique Paulus and Willemke Stilma
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(7), 1983; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071983 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background: Airway care interventions and prone positioning are used in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) to improve oxygenation and facilitate mucus removal. At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the decision-making process [...] Read more.
Background: Airway care interventions and prone positioning are used in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) to improve oxygenation and facilitate mucus removal. At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the decision-making process regarding the practice of airway care interventions and prone positioning was challenging. Objective: To provide an overview of the practice of airway care interventions and prone positioning during the second wave of the pandemic in the Netherlands. Method: Web-based survey design. Seventy ICU nurses, each representing one intensive care in the Netherlands, were contacted for participation. Potential items were generated based on a literature search and formulated by a multidisciplinary team. Questions were pilot tested for face and construct validity by four intensive care nurses from four different hospitals. Results: The response rate was 53/77 (69%). This survey revealed widespread use of airway care interventions in the Netherlands in COVID-19 patients, despite questionable benefits. Additionally, prone positioning was used in invasively and non–invasively ventilated patients. Conclusions: The use of airway care interventions and prone positioning is time consuming and comes with the production of waste. Further research is needed to assess the effectiveness, workload, and environmental impact of airway care interventions and prone positioning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Critical Care during COVID-19 Pandemic)
13 pages, 4554 KiB  
Article
Polypropylene Composites Reinforced with Lignocellulose Nanocrystals of Corncob: Thermal and Mechanical Properties
by Edgar Mauricio Santos-Ventura, Marcos Alfredo Escalante-?lvarez, Rubén González-Nu?ez, Marianelly Esquivel-Alfaro and Belkis Sulbarán-Rangel
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(4), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8040125 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Composites based on recycled polypropylene (PP) reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals whit lignin corncob were prepared. The effect of the ratio composites prepared via a compression molding process on the mechanical and thermal properties was analyzed. Corncobs is a little-used agroindustrial residue with a [...] Read more.
Composites based on recycled polypropylene (PP) reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals whit lignin corncob were prepared. The effect of the ratio composites prepared via a compression molding process on the mechanical and thermal properties was analyzed. Corncobs is a little-used agroindustrial residue with a high cellulose content. The corncob was milled and then delignified via the organosolve process in order to get the cellulose unbleached. An acid hydrolysis process was then carried out to obtain lignocellulose nanocrystals (LCNCs). Subsequently, LCNC/PP composites were obtained via termocompression molding using different concentrations of LCNC (0, 0.5, 1 and 2% by weight) previously mixed via extrusion. The residual lignin present in the LCNCs improved the compatibility between the reinforcement and the PP matrix. This was evidenced by the increase in mechanical properties and the stabilization of thermal properties. The results of the mechanical tests showed that the LCNC increases the tensile and flexural modules and strength with respect to neat PP. Composites with 2% of LCNC showed an increase of 36% and 43% in modulus and tensile strength, respectively, while the flexural modulus and strength increased by 7.6%. By using reinforcements of natural and residual origin (corncob) and improving the properties of recycled polymers, their reuse will increase, and this can lead to reducing waste in the environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recycled Polymer Composites: Futuristic Sustainable Material)
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15 pages, 8960 KiB  
Article
A Signal-Processing-Based Simulation System for High-End Stereo Headsets
by Anna Zuccante, Alessandro Fiordelmondo, Pierluigi Bontempi and Sergio Canazza
Sensors 2024, 24(7), 2190; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072190 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
In recent years, headphones have become increasingly popular worldwide. There are numerous models on the market today, varying in technical characteristics and offering different listening experiences. This article presents an application for simulating the sound response of specific headphone models by physically wearing [...] Read more.
In recent years, headphones have become increasingly popular worldwide. There are numerous models on the market today, varying in technical characteristics and offering different listening experiences. This article presents an application for simulating the sound response of specific headphone models by physically wearing others. In the future, for example, this application could help to guide people who already own a pair of headphones during the decision-making process of purchasing a new headphone model. However, the potential fields of application are much broader. An in-depth study of digital signal processing was carried out with the implementation of a computational model. Prior to this, an analysis was performed on impulse response measurements of specific headphones, which allowed for a better understanding of the behavior of each set of headphones. Finally, an evaluation of the entire system was conducted through a listening test. The analysis of the results showed that the software works reasonably well in replicating the target headphones. We hope that this work will stimulate further efforts in the same direction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Signal Processing and Machine Learning for Sensor Systems)
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25 pages, 3360 KiB  
Article
Temporal Changes in Biochemical Responses to Salt Stress in Three Salicornia Species
by Hengameh Homayouni, Hooman Razi, Mahmoud Izadi, Abbas Alemzadeh, Seyed Abdolreza Kazemeini, Ali Niazi and Oscar Vicente
Plants 2024, 13(7), 979; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13070979 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Halophytes adapt to salinity using different biochemical response mechanisms. Temporal measurements of biochemical parameters over a period of exposure to salinity may clarify the patterns and kinetics of stress responses in halophytes. This study aimed to evaluate short-term temporal changes in shoot biomass [...] Read more.
Halophytes adapt to salinity using different biochemical response mechanisms. Temporal measurements of biochemical parameters over a period of exposure to salinity may clarify the patterns and kinetics of stress responses in halophytes. This study aimed to evaluate short-term temporal changes in shoot biomass and several biochemical variables, including the contents of photosynthetic pigments, ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+), osmolytes (proline and glycine betaine), oxidative stress markers (H2O2 and malondialdehyde), and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase) activities of three halophytic Salicornia species (S. persica, S. europaea, and S. bigelovii) in response to non-saline, moderate (300 mM NaCl), and high (500 mM NaCl) salinity treatments at three sampling times. Salicornia plants showed maximum shoot biomass under moderate salinity conditions. The results indicated that high Na+ accumulation in the shoots, coupled with the relative retention of K+ and Ca2+ under salt stress conditions, contributed significantly to ionic and osmotic balance and salinity tolerance in the tested Salicornia species. Glycine betaine accumulation, both constitutive and salt-induced, also seems to play a crucial role in osmotic adjustment in Salicornia plants subjected to salinity treatments. Salicornia species possess an efficient antioxidant enzyme system that largely relies on the ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase activities to partly counteract salt-induced oxidative stress. The results also revealed that S. persica exhibited higher salinity tolerance than S. europaea and S. bigelovii, as shown by better plant growth under moderate and high salinity. This higher tolerance was associated with higher peroxidase activities and increased glycine betaine and proline accumulation in S. persica. Taking all the data together, this study allowed the identification of the biochemical mechanisms contributing significantly to salinity tolerance of Salicornia through the maintenance of ion and osmotic homeostasis and protection against oxidative stress. Full article
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21 pages, 8259 KiB  
Article
Advance Analysis of the Obtained Recycled Materials from Used Disposable Surgical Masks
by Alen Erjavec, Julija Volmajer Valh, Silvo Hribernik, Tja?a Kra?evac Glaser, Lidija Fras Zemlji?, Toma? Vuherer, Branko Neral and Mihael Brun?ko
Polymers 2024, 16(7), 935; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16070935 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
The production of personal protective equipment (PPE) has increased dramatically in recent years, not only because of the pandemic, but also because of stricter legislation in the field of Employee Protection. The increasing use of PPE, including disposable surgical masks (DSMs), is putting [...] Read more.
The production of personal protective equipment (PPE) has increased dramatically in recent years, not only because of the pandemic, but also because of stricter legislation in the field of Employee Protection. The increasing use of PPE, including disposable surgical masks (DSMs), is putting additional pressure on waste collectors. For this reason, it is necessary to find high-quality solutions for this type of waste. Mechanical recycling is still the most common type of recycling, but the recyclates are often classified as low-grade materials. For this reason, a detailed analysis of the recyclates is necessary. These data will help us to improve the properties and find the right end application that will increase the value of the materials. This work represents an extended analysis of the recyclates obtained from DSMs, manufactured from different polymers. Using surface and morphology tests, we have gained insights into the distribution of different polymers in polymer blends and their effects on mechanical and surface properties. It was found that the addition of ear loop material to the PP melt makes the material tougher. In the polymer blends obtained, PP and PA 6 form the surface (affects surface properties), while PU and PET are distributed mainly inside the injection-molded samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites in Waste Recycling)
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12 pages, 3551 KiB  
Article
Spiral Structured Cellulose Acetate Membrane Fabricated by One-Step Electrospinning Technique with High Water Permeation Flux
by Allison A. Kim and Milan Babu Poudel
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(4), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8040127 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
A functionally graded membrane (FGM) with a special spiral-structured cellulose acetate (CA) membrane was prepared by electrospinning under different collection distances. The membrane morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FESEM images revealed that the high concentration shows the formation of fibers [...] Read more.
A functionally graded membrane (FGM) with a special spiral-structured cellulose acetate (CA) membrane was prepared by electrospinning under different collection distances. The membrane morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FESEM images revealed that the high concentration shows the formation of fibers with an irregular diameter, with a large diameter distribution range. The fiber collected at a short distance of 10 cm experiences the strong electrostatic force, resulting in the short flight time for the polymer jet. This causes the bending instability of the polymer jet forming the comparatively thick fiber diameters, whereas the fiber collected at 15 cm shows the presence of a smooth, homogeneous diameter. Furthermore, the water flux of the membrane was determined using 50 mL of Amicon stirred cells. The fiber collected at different distances showed diameter variation, which is used to design a special spiral structure on the membrane by auto-moving the collector between the fixed distances of 10–20 cm. This technique will reveal a new approach for the fabrication of a special spiral structure on the nanofibrous membrane for different biomedical applications from different polymers. Meanwhile, the fabricated FGM with a special spiral-structure CA membrane demonstrates high water permeation flux. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Composites, Volume III)
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12 pages, 3445 KiB  
Article
Exploring Dielectric and Magnetic Properties of Ni and Co Ferrites through Biopolymer Composite Films
by J. C. Góes, S. D. Figueiró, K. D. A. Sabóia, Y. L. Nunes, A. C. H. Barreto, P. B. A. Fechine, S. Devesa, A. S. B. Sombra, M. A. Valente, S. R. Gavinho and M. P. F. Gra?a
Magnetochemistry 2024, 10(4), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry10040020 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
This study explores the synthesis and characterization of chitosan/gelatine films incorporating nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles. The magnetic nanoparticles exhibit superparamagnetic behaviour, making them attractive for various applications, including biomedical uses. The [...] Read more.
This study explores the synthesis and characterization of chitosan/gelatine films incorporating nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles. The magnetic nanoparticles exhibit superparamagnetic behaviour, making them attractive for various applications, including biomedical uses. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of NiFe2O4 and CoFe2O4 nanoparticles, and the scanning electron micrographs illustrated well-dispersed ferrite nanoparticles within the biopolymer network, despite the formation of some aggregates attributed to magnetic interactions. Magnetization loops revealed lower saturation magnetization values for the composites, attributed to the chitosan/gelatine coating and the dielectric studies, indicating increased dielectric losses in the presence of ferrites, particularly pronounced in the case of NiFe2O4, suggesting interactions at the interface region between the polymer and ferrite particles. The AC conductivity shows almost linear frequency dependence, associated with proton polarization and conduction processes, more significant at higher temperatures for samples with ferrite particles. Full article
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16 pages, 3618 KiB  
Review
Axial Tomography in Live Cell Microscopy
by Herbert Schneckenburger and Christoph Cremer
Biophysica 2024, 4(2), 142-157; https://doi.org/10.3390/biophysica4020010 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
For many biomedical applications, laser-assisted methods are essential to enhance the three-dimensional (3D) resolution of a light microscope. In this report, we review possibilities to improve the 3D imaging potential by axial tomography. This method allows us to rotate the object in a [...] Read more.
For many biomedical applications, laser-assisted methods are essential to enhance the three-dimensional (3D) resolution of a light microscope. In this report, we review possibilities to improve the 3D imaging potential by axial tomography. This method allows us to rotate the object in a microscope into the best perspective required for imaging. Furthermore, images recorded under variable angles can be combined to one image with isotropic resolution. After a brief review of the technical state of the art, we show some biomedical applications, and discuss future perspectives for Deep View Microscopy and Molecular Imaging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Optics 2.0)
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20 pages, 17545 KiB  
Article
Impact Characteristics and Repair Approaches of Distinct Bio-Based Matrix Composites: A Comparative Analysis
by Bharath Ravindran, Timotheos Agathocleous, Beate Oswald-Tranta, Ewald Fauster and Michael Feuchter
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(4), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8040126 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Increasing global concerns regarding environmental issues have driven significant advancements in the development of bio-based fiber reinforced polymer composites. Despite extensive research on bio-composites, there remains a noticeable gap in studies specifically addressing the challenges of repairing bio-composites for circular economy adoption. Traditional [...] Read more.
Increasing global concerns regarding environmental issues have driven significant advancements in the development of bio-based fiber reinforced polymer composites. Despite extensive research on bio-composites, there remains a noticeable gap in studies specifically addressing the challenges of repairing bio-composites for circular economy adoption. Traditional repair techniques for impacted composites, such as patching or scarf methods, are not only time-consuming but also require highly skilled personnel. This paper aims to highlight cost-effective repair strategies for the restoration of damaged composites, featuring flax fiber as the primary reinforcement material and distinct matrix systems, namely bio-based epoxy and bio-based vitrimer matrix. Glass fiber was used as a secondary material to validate the bio-based vitrimer matrix. The damage caused specifically by low impact is detrimental to the structural integrity of the composites. Therefore, the impact resistance of the two composite materials is evaluated using instrumented drop tower tests at various energy levels, while thermography observations are employed to assess damage evolution. Two distinct repair approaches were studied: the resin infiltration repair method, employing bio-based epoxy, and the reconsolidation (self-healing) repair method, utilizing the bio-based vitrimer matrix. The efficiency of these repair methods was assessed through active thermography and compression after impact tests. The repair outcomes demonstrate successful restoration and the maintenance of ultimate strength at an efficiency of 90% for the re-infiltration repair method and 92% for the reconsolidation repair method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modelling of Composites, Volume III)
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17 pages, 1762 KiB  
Article
GDF-15 Levels and Other Laboratory Findings as Predictors of COVID-19 Severity and Mortality: A Pilot Study
by Luka ?vitek, Dubravka Li?nji?, Barbara Grubi?i?, Mihaela Zlosa, Ema Sch?nberger, Nika Vlahovi? Vla?i?, Petra Smaji?, Dario Sabadi, Tara Roli?, Kristina Kralik and Sanja Mandi?
Biomedicines 2024, 12(4), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12040757 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a stress-induced cytokine associated with acute and chronic inflammatory states. This prospective observational study aimed to investigate the prognostic roles of GDF-15 and routine clinical laboratory parameters in COVID-19 patients. Upon the admission of 95 adult hospitalized [...] Read more.
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a stress-induced cytokine associated with acute and chronic inflammatory states. This prospective observational study aimed to investigate the prognostic roles of GDF-15 and routine clinical laboratory parameters in COVID-19 patients. Upon the admission of 95 adult hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Croatia, blood analysis was performed, and medical data were collected. The patients were categorized based on survival, ICU admission, and hospitalization duration. Logistic regression and ROC curve methods were employed for the statistical analysis. Logistic regression revealed two independent predictors of negative outcomes: CURB-65 score (OR = 2.55) and LDH (OR = 1.005); one predictor of ICU admission: LDH (OR = 1.004); and one predictor of prolonged hospitalization: the need for a high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) upon admission (OR = 4.75). The ROC curve showed diagnostic indicators of negative outcomes: age, CURB-65 score, LDH, and GDF-15. The largest area under the curve (AUC = 0.767, specificity = 65.6, sensitivity = 83.9) was represented by GDF-15, with a cutoff value of 3528 pg/mL. For ICU admission, significant diagnostic indicators were LDH, CRP, and IL-6. Significant diagnostic indicators of prolonged hospitalization were CK, GGT, and oxygenation with an HFNC upon admission. This study reaffirms the significance of the commonly used laboratory parameters and clinical scores in evaluating COVID-19. Additionally, it introduces the potential for a new diagnostic approach and research concerning GDF-15 levels in this widespread disease. Full article
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9 pages, 296 KiB  
Article
Virtual Reality-Based Assessment for Rehabilitation of the Upper Limb in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Cross-Sectional Study
by Luciano Bissolotti, Justo Artiles-Sánchez, José Luís Alonso-Pérez, Josué Fernández-Carnero, Vanesa Abuín-Porras, Pierluigi Sinatti and Jorge Hugo Villafa?e
Medicina 2024, 60(4), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040555 (registering DOI) - 29 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study aimed to examine the responsiveness and concurrent validity of a serious game and its correlation between the use of serious games and upper limbs (UL) performance in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) patients. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four consecutive [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: This study aimed to examine the responsiveness and concurrent validity of a serious game and its correlation between the use of serious games and upper limbs (UL) performance in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) patients. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four consecutive upper limbs (14 males, 8 females, age: 55–83 years) of PD patients were assessed. The clinical assessment included: the Box and Block test (BBT), Nine-Hole Peg test (9HPT), and sub-scores of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating-Scale Motor section (UPDRS-M) to assess UL disability. Performance scores obtained in two different tests (Ex. A and Ex. B, respectively, the Trolley test and Mushrooms test) based on leap motion (LM) sensors were used to study the correlations with clinical scores. Results: The subjective fatigue experienced during LM tests was measured by the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE, 0–10); the BBT and 9HPT showed the highest correlation coefficients with UPDRS-M scores (ICCs: −0.652 and 0.712, p < 0.05). Exercise A (Trolley test) correlated with UPDRS-M (ICC: 0.31, p < 0.05), but not with the 9HPT and BBT tests (ICCs: −0.447 and 0.390, p < 0.05), while Exercise B (Mushroom test) correlated with UPDRS-M (ICC: −0.40, p < 0.05), as did these last two tests (ICCs: −0.225 and 0.272, p < 0.05). The mean RPE during LM tests was 3.4 ± 3.2. The evaluation of upper limb performance is feasible and does not induce relevant fatigue. Conclusions: The analysis of the ICC supports the use of Test B to evaluate UL disability and performance in PD patients, while Test A is mostly correlated with disability. Specifically designed serious games on LM can serve as a method of impairment in the PD population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neurology)

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