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29 pages, 1382 KiB  
Review
Applied Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: A Review of Computer Vision Technology Application in Hospital Settings
by Heidi Lindroth, Keivan Nalaie, Roshini Raghu, Ivan N. Ayala, Charles Busch, Anirban Bhattacharyya, Pablo Moreno Franco, Daniel A. Diedrich, Brian W. Pickering and Vitaly Herasevich
J. Imaging 2024, 10(4), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10040081 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Computer vision (CV), a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that uses digital videos or a sequence of images to recognize content, has been used extensively across industries in recent years. However, in the healthcare industry, its applications are limited by factors like privacy, [...] Read more.
Computer vision (CV), a type of artificial intelligence (AI) that uses digital videos or a sequence of images to recognize content, has been used extensively across industries in recent years. However, in the healthcare industry, its applications are limited by factors like privacy, safety, and ethical concerns. Despite this, CV has the potential to improve patient monitoring, and system efficiencies, while reducing workload. In contrast to previous reviews, we focus on the end-user applications of CV. First, we briefly review and categorize CV applications in other industries (job enhancement, surveillance and monitoring, automation, and augmented reality). We then review the developments of CV in the hospital setting, outpatient, and community settings. The recent advances in monitoring delirium, pain and sedation, patient deterioration, mechanical ventilation, mobility, patient safety, surgical applications, quantification of workload in the hospital, and monitoring for patient events outside the hospital are highlighted. To identify opportunities for future applications, we also completed journey mapping at different system levels. Lastly, we discuss the privacy, safety, and ethical considerations associated with CV and outline processes in algorithm development and testing that limit CV expansion in healthcare. This comprehensive review highlights CV applications and ideas for its expanded use in healthcare. Full article
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18 pages, 1675 KiB  
Article
Adaptive Control of Quadrotors in Uncertain Environments
by Daniel Leit?o, Rita Cunha and Jo?o M. Lemos
Eng 2024, 5(2), 544-561; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng5020030 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The problem addressed in this article consists of the motion control of a quadrotor affected by model disturbances and uncertainties. In order to tackle model uncertainty, adaptive control based on reinforcement learning is used. The distinctive feature of this article, in comparison with [...] Read more.
The problem addressed in this article consists of the motion control of a quadrotor affected by model disturbances and uncertainties. In order to tackle model uncertainty, adaptive control based on reinforcement learning is used. The distinctive feature of this article, in comparison with other works on quadrotor control using reinforcement learning, is the exploration of the underlying optimal control problem in which a quadratic cost and a linear dynamics allow for an algorithm that runs in real time. Instead of identifying a plant model, adaptation is obtained by approximating the performance index given by the Q-function using directional forgetting recursive least squares that rely on a linear regressor built from quadratic functions of input/output data. The adaptive algorithm proposed is tested in simulation in a cascade control structure that drives a quadrotor. Simulations show the improvement in performance that results when the proposed algorithm is turned on. Full article
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19 pages, 1389 KiB  
Article
Convergent Mutations and Single Nucleotide Variants in Mitochondrial Genomes of Modern Humans and Neanderthals
by Renata C. Ferreira, Camila R. Rodrigues, James R. Broach and Marcelo R. S. Briones
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 3785; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073785 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The genetic contributions of Neanderthals to the modern human genome have been evidenced by the comparison of present-day human genomes with paleogenomes. Neanderthal signatures in extant human genomes are attributed to intercrosses between Neanderthals and archaic anatomically modern humans (AMHs). Although Neanderthal signatures [...] Read more.
The genetic contributions of Neanderthals to the modern human genome have been evidenced by the comparison of present-day human genomes with paleogenomes. Neanderthal signatures in extant human genomes are attributed to intercrosses between Neanderthals and archaic anatomically modern humans (AMHs). Although Neanderthal signatures are well documented in the nuclear genome, it has been proposed that there is no contribution of Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA to contemporary human genomes. Here we show that modern human mitochondrial genomes contain 66 potential Neanderthal signatures, or Neanderthal single nucleotide variants (N-SNVs), of which 36 lie in coding regions and 7 result in nonsynonymous changes. Seven N-SNVs are associated with traits such as cycling vomiting syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, and two N-SNVs are associated with intelligence quotient. Based on recombination tests, principal component analysis (PCA) and the complete absence of these N-SNVs in 41 archaic AMH mitogenomes, we conclude that convergent evolution, and not recombination, explains the presence of N-SNVs in present-day human mitogenomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Variations in Human Diseases)
15 pages, 7514 KiB  
Article
Heterostructured S-TiO2/g-C3N4 Photocatalysts with High Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity
by Yassine Alaya, Bilel Chouchene, Ghouti Medjahdi, Lavinia Balan, Noureddine Bouguila and Rapha?l Schneider
Catalysts 2024, 14(4), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14040226 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Novel heterojunctions associating graphitic carbon nitride g-C3N4 and S-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were successfully designed and prepared via a hydrothermal method and used for photocatalytic degradations. The loading in S-TiO2 nanoparticles on g-C3N4 was varied (5, [...] Read more.
Novel heterojunctions associating graphitic carbon nitride g-C3N4 and S-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were successfully designed and prepared via a hydrothermal method and used for photocatalytic degradations. The loading in S-TiO2 nanoparticles on g-C3N4 was varied (5, 10 and 20 wt%), and the photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, solid-state UV-visible diffuse reflectance, photoluminescence, XPS, TEM and SEM. The S-TiO2 (5%)/g-C3N4 catalyst exhibits the highest activity for the photocatalytic degradation of the methylene blue (MB) dye under visible light irradiation. The high photocatalytic performance originates from the enhanced separation and transfer of photogenerated charge carriers. The S-TiO2 (5%)/g-C3N4 photocatalyst is stable and can be reused five times without a sharp drop in activity, indicating its high potential for wastewater remediation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Photocatalysis)
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16 pages, 4358 KiB  
Article
Algorithm for Point Cloud Dust Filtering of LiDAR for Autonomous Vehicles in Mining Area
by Xianyao Jiang, Yi Xie, Chongning Na, Wenyang Yu and Yu Meng
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2827; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072827 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
With the continuous development of the transformation of the “smart mine” in the mineral industry, the use of sensors in autonomous trucks has become very common. However, the driving of trucks causes the point cloud collected by through Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) [...] Read more.
With the continuous development of the transformation of the “smart mine” in the mineral industry, the use of sensors in autonomous trucks has become very common. However, the driving of trucks causes the point cloud collected by through Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) to contain dust points, leading to a significant decline in its detection performance, which makes it easy for vehicles to have failures at the perceptual level. In order to solve this problem, this study proposes a LiDAR point cloud denoising method for the quantitative analysis of laser reflection intensity and spatial structure. This method uses laser reflectivity as the benchmark template, constructs the initial confidence level template and initially screens out the sparse dust point cloud. The results are analyzed through the Euclidean distance of adjacent points, and the confidence level in the corresponding template is reduced for rescreening. The experimental results show that our method can significantly filter dust point cloud particles while retaining the rich environmental information of data. The computational load caused by filtering is far lower than that of other methods, and the overall operation efficiency of the system has no significant delay. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Intelligent and Sustainable Mining)
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13 pages, 3984 KiB  
Article
A Microfluidic Chip for Single-Cell Capture Based on Stagnation Point Flow and Boundary Effects
by Long Cheng, Xiao Lv, Wenchao Zhou, Huan Li, Qiushuang Yang, Xing Chen and Yihui Wu
Micromachines 2024, 15(4), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15040456 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The capture of individual cells using microfluidic chips represents a widely adopted and efficient approach for investigating the biochemical microenvironment of singular cells. While conventional methods reliant on boundary effects pose challenges in precisely manipulating individual cells, single-cell capture grounded in the principle [...] Read more.
The capture of individual cells using microfluidic chips represents a widely adopted and efficient approach for investigating the biochemical microenvironment of singular cells. While conventional methods reliant on boundary effects pose challenges in precisely manipulating individual cells, single-cell capture grounded in the principle of stagnation point flow offers a solution to this limitation. Nevertheless, such capture mechanisms encounter inconsistency due to the instability of the flow field and stagnation point. In this study, a microfluidic device for the stable capture of single cells was designed, integrating the principle of fluid mechanics by amalgamating stagnation point flow and boundary effects. This innovative microfluidic chip transcended the limitations associated with single methodologies, leveraging the strengths of both stagnation point flow and boundary effects to achieve reliable single-cell capture. Notably, the incorporation of capture ports at the stagnation point not only harnessed boundary effects but also enhanced capture efficiency significantly, elevating it from 31.9% to 83.3%, thereby augmenting capture stability. Furthermore, computational simulations demonstrated the efficacy of the capture ports in entrapping particles of varying diameters, including 9 μm, 14 μm, and 18 μm. Experiment validation underscored the capability of this microfluidic system to capture single cells within the chip, maintaining stability even under flow rate perturbations spanning from 60 μL/min to 120 μL/min. Consequently, cells with dimensions between 8 μm and 12 μm can be reliably captured. The designed microfluidic system not only furnishes a straightforward and efficient experimental platform but also holds promise for facilitating deeper investigations into the intricate interplay between individual cells and their surrounding microenvironment. Full article
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33 pages, 1979 KiB  
Review
Greener Approaches to Combat Biofilm’s Antimicrobial Resistance on 3D-Printed Materials: A Systematic Review
by Khaoula Sebbar, Amal El Aabedy, Saad Ibnsouda Koraichi, Songul Ulag, Oguzhan Gunduz and Soumya Elabed
Coatings 2024, 14(4), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14040400 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
In recent years, Additive Manufacturing (AM), commonly referred to as 3D printing, has garnered the attention of the scientific community due to its capacity to transform ordinary and traditional items into customized materials at an affordable cost through various AM processes. Antimicrobial/antibiofilm 3D [...] Read more.
In recent years, Additive Manufacturing (AM), commonly referred to as 3D printing, has garnered the attention of the scientific community due to its capacity to transform ordinary and traditional items into customized materials at an affordable cost through various AM processes. Antimicrobial/antibiofilm 3D printed materials are one of the most trending research topics, owing to the growing concerns over the emergence of complex microbial structures called “biofilms” on various surfaces. The review provides an overview of the evolution of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies and their various derivatives, along with a brief description of their materials and applications. It also introduces how biofilms can represent an advantageous lifestyle for microbial populations. The primary objective of this research was to conduct a systematic review of the development of planctonic or biofilm forms of microorganisms on 3D-printed materials. The article summarizes commonly studied microorganisms on these materials and presents their 3D printing process, materials, as well as the fields covered by each of the analyzed papers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first all-inclusive systematic review that amalgamates research conducted in diverse fields to assess the development of biofilms on surfaces produced through three-dimensional printing. Most notably, this review presents a comprehensive account of sustainable approaches for producing antimicrobial materials through 3D printing. Additionally, we assess their advancements in various fields such as medicine, environment, agri-food, and other relevant sectors. The findings of our literature review can be used to recommend appropriate microorganisms, 3D printing materials, and technologies for academic and industrial research purposes, focusing on the development of microbial biofilms on 3D-printed surfaces. Furthermore, it highlights the potential of environmentally friendly modified AM technologies to combat biofilms in clinical and non-clinical areas. Our goal with this review is to help readers gain a better understanding of fundamental concepts, inspire new researchers, and provide valuable insights for future empirical studies focused on eradicating biofilms from 3D-printed materials. Full article
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23 pages, 1627 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Factors Influencing the Stability of Submarine Hydrate-Bearing Slopes during Depressurization Production
by Ting Sun, Zhiliang Wen, Jin Yang, Kaidie Yang, Zengcheng Han and Jiayuan He
Processes 2024, 12(4), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040679 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Natural gas hydrate reservoirs, with shallow burial, poor cementation, and low strength, are prone to submarine landslides triggered by hydrate decomposition during extraction. Prior studies have inadequately considered factors such as the dynamic decomposition of hydrates during depressurization, and its impacts on the [...] Read more.
Natural gas hydrate reservoirs, with shallow burial, poor cementation, and low strength, are prone to submarine landslides triggered by hydrate decomposition during extraction. Prior studies have inadequately considered factors such as the dynamic decomposition of hydrates during depressurization, and its impacts on the reservoir’s geomechanical properties. In this paper, a coupled thermal–hydraulic–mechanical–chemical mathematical model of hydrate decomposition is proposed, and the dynamic geomechanical response and the effect of hydrate decomposition on seafloor settlement and slope destabilization during the process of depressurization mining are analyzed by combining the strength discount method with the example of a hydrate-bearing seafloor slope in the Shenhu area. Furthermore, the study employs an orthogonal experimental design along with range and variance analysis to gauge the impact of critical factors (degree of hydrate decomposition, seawater depth, hydrate reservoir burial depth, hydrate reservoir thickness, and slope angle) on slope stability. The findings suggest that hydrate decomposition is non-uniform and is influenced by stratigraphic temperature gradients and gravity. In the region where hydrate decomposition occurs, the decrease of pore pressure leads to the increase of effective stress. Additionally, the decomposition of hydrates decreases the shear modulus of sediments, leading to deformation and reduced permeability in the affected area. Over a three-year period of depressurization mining, the significantly reduced safety factor increases the risk of landslides. Various factors play a role in the control of submarine slope stability, with slope inclination being the primary factor, followed by the degree of hydrate decomposition, reservoir thickness, burial depth, and seawater depth. Among these factors, hydrate burial depth and seawater depth have a positive correlation with submarine slope stability, while increases in other factors generally decrease stability. These research findings have important implications for the safe exploitation of slopes that contain hydrates. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Hydrocarbon Production Processes from Geoenergy)
20 pages, 1402 KiB  
Article
Global Maximum Power Point Tracking of a Photovoltaic Module Array Based on Modified Cat Swarm Optimization
by Kuei-Hsiang Chao and Thi Bao-Ngoc Nguyen
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2853; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072853 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to research and develop maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a photovoltaic module array (PVMA) with partial module shading and sudden changes in solar irradiance. Modified cat swarm optimization (MCSO) was adopted to track the global [...] Read more.
The main purpose of this study was to research and develop maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a photovoltaic module array (PVMA) with partial module shading and sudden changes in solar irradiance. Modified cat swarm optimization (MCSO) was adopted to track the global maximum power point (GMPP) of the PVMA. Upon a sudden changes in solar irradiance or when certain modules in the PVMA were shaded, the maximum power point (MPP) of the PVMA will change accordingly, and multiple peak values may appear on the power–voltage (P-V) characteristic curve. Therefore, if the tracking pace is constant, the time required to track the MPP might extend, and under certain circumstances, the GMPP might not be tracked, as only the local maximum power point (LMPP) can be tracked. To prevent this problem, a maximum power point tracker based on MCSO is proposed in this paper in order to adjust the tracking pace along with the slope of the P-V characteristic curve and the inertia weight of the iteration formula. The initial voltage for tracking commencement was set to 0.8 times the voltage at the maximum power point of the PVMA under standard test conditions. Firstly, MATLAB 2022a was used to construct the four-series, three-parallel PVMA model under zero shading and partial shading. The feedback of PVMA voltage and current was obtained, where the GMPP was tracked with MCSO. From the simulation results, it was proven that, under different shading percentages and sudden changes in solar irradiance for partial modules in the PVMA, the MCSO proposed in this paper provided better tracking speed, dynamic response, and steady performance compared to the conventional CSO. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photovoltaic Power System: Modeling and Performance Analysis)
15 pages, 1538 KiB  
Review
Ecological Traits and Socio-Economic Impacts of the Alien Invader Weed Parthenium hysterophorus L. in South Africa’s Rangeland Ecosystems: A Review
by Makuété A. P. Tiawoun, Pieter W. Malan, Moleseng C. Moshobane, Luambo J. Ramarumo, Alvino A. Comole and Kubendran K. Naidoo
Diversity 2024, 16(4), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16040205 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae), commonly known as famine weed in South Africa, is one of the most invasive weeds worldwide, accountable for losses to biodiversity, agriculture, the economy, and the health of livestock and human beings. The spread of this weed is not [...] Read more.
Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae), commonly known as famine weed in South Africa, is one of the most invasive weeds worldwide, accountable for losses to biodiversity, agriculture, the economy, and the health of livestock and human beings. The spread of this weed is not easy to manage or reverse. With globalization, trade, and human movement, it will continue to spread, allowing its range to expand into new areas. This weed has serious adverse effects on rangeland and agricultural crop production. Because of its unique characteristics, its invasiveness and competitive success rates are attributed to its high reproductive ability, fast growth rate, tolerance to environmental stresses, climate change adaptability, allelopathic potential, and unpalatability to animals. Parthenium hysterophorus dominates diverse habitats by spreading quickly as a contaminant of grain and other crop products and through farm machinery. It is widely distributed and has become problematic in various countries, including South Africa. It has successfully invaded several provinces in the country since its introduction in 1880. Since plant invasions are not universal, this study aimed to review research that has been conducted on the aggressive weed P. hysterophorus to understand the ecological characteristics that enable its successful establishment, the economic costs associated with its detrimental impacts, and to briefly assess knowledge gaps to improve its management strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Alien Species and Their Invasion Processes)
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20 pages, 1370 KiB  
Review
Forestry Ergonomics Publications in the Last Decade: A Review
by Marin Ba?i?, Matija Landeki?, Zdravko Pandur, Marijan ?u?njar, Mario ?por?i?, Hrvoje Neve?erel and Kruno Lepoglavec
Forests 2024, 15(4), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15040616 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Compiling the research on forestry ergonomics, which is still a marginal field in terms of the sheer volume of published forestry-related articles, gives a good foundation and guidance for future research and publishing. This review aims to compile, classify, and analyze forestry ergonomics [...] Read more.
Compiling the research on forestry ergonomics, which is still a marginal field in terms of the sheer volume of published forestry-related articles, gives a good foundation and guidance for future research and publishing. This review aims to compile, classify, and analyze forestry ergonomics publications in JIF (Journal Impact Factor) journals regarding their spatial and temporal distribution, observed operations, machines and tools, and risk factors. A reference period from 2014 to 2023 was observed in this study. The Web of Science Core Collection database was used to filter publications in the field of forestry and ergonomics. A total number of 102 articles were selected. After selection, data regarding publishing year, journal name, main field, country of origin, forest operation, machine/tool, and risk factor were noted. The number of articles is ever-increasing with the last four years having above average numbers of articles. Countries from Europe and South America (Brazil) have the most publications. Most of the journals are ranked in the top 50%. Harvesting, wood extraction, and pre-harvesting operations have the highest number of records. Chainsaw, skidder, and pre-harvesting tools are the most observed means of work. The risk factors with the highest percentage of records are workload (23%), noise (20%), vibration (20%), postural load (16%), and MSD (Musculoskeletal Disorder) occurrence (7%). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Addressing Forest Ergonomics Issues: Laborers and Working Conditions)
21 pages, 5762 KiB  
Article
Optimizing Energy Consumption in Agricultural Greenhouses: A Smart Energy Management Approach
by Fatemeh Jamshidi, Mohammad Ghiasi, Mehran Mehrandezh, Zhanle Wang and Raman Paranjape
Smart Cities 2024, 7(2), 859-879; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities7020036 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Efficient energy management is crucial for optimizing greenhouse (GH) operations and promoting sustainability. This paper presents a novel multi-objective optimization approach tailored for GH energy management, aiming to minimize grid energy consumption while maximizing battery state of charge (SOC) within a [...] Read more.
Efficient energy management is crucial for optimizing greenhouse (GH) operations and promoting sustainability. This paper presents a novel multi-objective optimization approach tailored for GH energy management, aiming to minimize grid energy consumption while maximizing battery state of charge (SOC) within a specified time frame. The optimization problem integrates decision variables such as network power, battery power, and battery energy, subject to constraints based on battery capacity and initial energy, along with minimum and maximum energy from the battery storage system. Through the comparison of a smart energy management system (EMS) with traditional optimization algorithms, the study evaluates its efficiency. Key hyperparameters essential for the optimization problem, including plateau time, prediction time, and optimization time, are determined using the ellipse optimization method. Treating the GH as a microgrid, the analysis encompasses energy management indicators and loads. A simulation conducted via Simulink in MATLAB software (R2021b) demonstrates a significant enhancement, with the smart EMS achieving a more than 50% reduction in the objective function compared to conventional EMS. Moreover, the EMS exhibits robust performance across variations in the load power and irradiation profile. Under partial shading conditions, the EMS maintains adaptability, with a maximum objective function increase of 0.35553%. Aligning the output power of photovoltaic (PV) systems with real-world conditions further validates the EMS’s effectiveness in practical scenarios. The findings underscore the efficiency of the smart EMS in optimizing energy consumption within GH environments, offering promising avenues for sustainable energy management practices. This research contributes to advancing energy optimization strategies in agricultural settings, thereby fostering resource efficiency and environmental stewardship. Full article
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21 pages, 241 KiB  
Review
Blockchain Technology Implementation in Supply Chain Management: A Literature Review
by Abdel-Aziz Ahmad Sharabati and Elias Radi Jreisat
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2823; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072823 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
This paper aims to comprehensively review the main benefits, limitations, and challenges associated with the uptake of Blockchain technology in supply chain management (SCM). The study utilizes the literature review method, examining articles published from 2016 to 2022 and exploring the factors influencing [...] Read more.
This paper aims to comprehensively review the main benefits, limitations, and challenges associated with the uptake of Blockchain technology in supply chain management (SCM). The study utilizes the literature review method, examining articles published from 2016 to 2022 and exploring the factors influencing the adoption and implementation of Blockchain in SCM. Multiple scholarly insights have shown no more hacking or cherry picking of options given for presenting data with high confidence and, therefore, reliability, as well as an ability to see everything in a highly limited way. An SCM looking at these multi-party evolutionary models shows that for Blockchain, the key advantages center on significantly increased security, confidentiality, traceability, transparency, data accuracy, privacy, efficiency, accountability, and trust. In contrast, the review has also detailed several limitations and challenges that must be overcome by firms and industries looking to adopt Blockchain within their SCM processes, which include problems with scaling, lower performance as a result of interoperability issues, legal and regulatory matters, very high initial implementation and ongoing maintenance costs, a struggle with standardization of the technology and the needed surveillance of this space, avoidance of technology adoption because of trust, the substantial energy used, low awareness, complexity of integrating with existing systems, being in its last mile in partnerships, and privacy. Even with this potential to transform and be disrupted across industry and its sectors, there are still very significant challenges for Blockchain. For those looking to actually utilize SCM and other sectors, understanding this from a variety of perspectives is of great interest to understand if the technology is fit for that sector and what strategies or networks need to be established or linked into with existing firms. Regardless, if these challenges can be overcome and responded to, then the greater protection and efficiency of current and future SCM processes will not only occur, but it can be the first significant node for broader industry-wide innovation and gains in efficiency. Full article
18 pages, 2376 KiB  
Article
Transcriptomic Database Analysis of Magnesium Transporter (MGT) Gene Family in Pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) Revealed Its Role in Reproductive Stage Development
by Yuchen Ma, Baopeng Ding, Khushboo Khan, Yujing Lin, Ahmad Ali and Liulin Li
Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040333 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The membrane proteins of the magnesium transporter (MGT) family are essential to Mg homeostasis. However, there has not been a comprehensive study of MGT in pear. The 17 MGT that were renamed to PbMGT1-17 in this study were found in the pear [...] Read more.
The membrane proteins of the magnesium transporter (MGT) family are essential to Mg homeostasis. However, there has not been a comprehensive study of MGT in pear. The 17 MGT that were renamed to PbMGT1-17 in this study were found in the pear genome database. Phylogenetically, PbMGT proteins were categorized into three groups, namely NIPA, MRS2, and CorA. The majority of PbMGT were hydrophobic proteins situated on the chloroplast, according to the characterization study. Members of the same group shared comparable conserved motifs and gene structure, as revealed by motif and exon/intron analysis. The application of gene ontology (GO) and cis-elements has demonstrated that PbMGT genes exhibit a high degree of sensitivity to stressors and take part in chloroplast development and Mg+ ion transport. It was discovered by tissue-specific expression analysis that PbMGT genes might have a role in the development of organs. The critical significance of PbMGT was shown through comprehensive expression in five pear cultivars at various fruit developmental stages. The PbMGT5 gene was significantly expressed throughout fruit development, suggesting a role in the setting and ripening processes of pear fruits. For the first time, our research brought attention to the function of PbMGT genes as they relate to fruit development. Our research is likely to serve as an incentive for the development of pear breeding initiatives in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Physiology Studies in Fruit Development and Ripening)
18 pages, 898 KiB  
Article
Effectiveness of a Postpartum Breastfeeding Support Group Intervention in Promoting Exclusive Breastfeeding and Perceived Self-Efficacy: A Multicentre Randomized Clinical Trial
by Isabel Rodríguez-Gallego, Isabel Corrales-Gutierrez, Diego Gomez-Baya and Fatima Leon-Larios
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 988; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070988 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
There are numerous recognized benefits of breastfeeding; however, sociocultural, individual, and environmental factors influence its initiation and continuation, sometimes leading to breastfeeding rates that are lower than recommended by international guidelines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a [...] Read more.
There are numerous recognized benefits of breastfeeding; however, sociocultural, individual, and environmental factors influence its initiation and continuation, sometimes leading to breastfeeding rates that are lower than recommended by international guidelines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a group intervention led by midwives supporting breastfeeding during the postpartum period in promoting exclusive breastfeeding, as well as to assess the impact of this intervention on perceived self-efficacy. This was a non-blind, multicentric, cluster-randomized controlled trial. Recruitment started October 2021, concluding May 2023. A total of 382 women from Andalusia (Spain) participated in the study. The results showed that at 4 months postpartum there was a higher prevalence of breastfeeding in the intervention group compared to formula feeding (p = 0.01), as well as a higher prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.03), and also at 6 months (p = 0.01). Perceived self-efficacy was similar in both groups for the first two months after delivery, which then remained stable until 4 months and decreased slightly at 6 months in both groups (p = 0.99). The intervention improved the average scores of perceived self-efficacy and indirectly caused higher rates of exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.005). In conclusion, the midwife-led group intervention supporting breastfeeding proved to be effective at maintaining exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months postpartum and also at increasing perceived self-efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breastfeeding: Benefits to Infant and Mother)
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37 pages, 6751 KiB  
Article
Spatial–Temporal Evolution, Impact Mechanisms, and Reclamation Potential of Rural Human Settlements in China
by Duan Ran, Qiyu Hu and Zhanlu Zhang
Land 2024, 13(4), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13040430 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
In China’s pursuit of modernization, the government has introduced the rural revitalization strategy to combat rural decline, foster balanced urban–rural development, and reduce the urban–rural gap. Rural human settlements, as key components of this strategy, play a vital role. This paper examines the [...] Read more.
In China’s pursuit of modernization, the government has introduced the rural revitalization strategy to combat rural decline, foster balanced urban–rural development, and reduce the urban–rural gap. Rural human settlements, as key components of this strategy, play a vital role. This paper examines the types and characteristics of human–earth relationships within rural settlements, emphasizing their significance. Using national land use and population census data, we analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of rural settlements at the county level, investigating landscape pattern changes, assessing the degree of coupling coordination between rural population and settlements, categorizing relationship types and features, and estimating the potential for remediation. Our findings reveal a growing trend in the scale of rural human settlements, particularly sourced from arable land, with significant expansions observed in the North China Plain and Northeast Plain, indicating potential for farmland reclamation and village consolidation. Landscape patterns of rural human settlements exhibit increased fragmentation, complex shapes, and aggregation. We categorize the utilization of rural human settlements into two types, each with four distinct features: human–land coordination is observed in regions characterized by either a higher rural population and larger rural settlement areas, or lower rural population and smaller rural settlement areas. Human–land trade-offs are evident in areas where there is either a higher rural population and smaller rural settlement areas, or lower rural population and larger rural settlement areas. This provides valuable insights for the Chinese government’s context-specific implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. It also serves as an experiential reference for the governance of rural human settlements in other developing countries. Full article
11 pages, 3171 KiB  
Article
Computational Fluid Dynamics and Numeric Analysis of Aortic Wall Shear Stress Alterations Induced by Fatty Streaks
by Vedat Evren, Muhammad Arya, Abdi Sa?can and Sebnem Bora
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2851; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072851 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a disease of the large arteries, is the primary cause of heart disease and stroke. It often begins with the formation of fatty streaks (FS). The FS consists of subendothelial accumulations of cholesterol-engorged macrophages, called ‘foam cells’. For this to happen, there [...] Read more.
Atherosclerosis, a disease of the large arteries, is the primary cause of heart disease and stroke. It often begins with the formation of fatty streaks (FS). The FS consists of subendothelial accumulations of cholesterol-engorged macrophages, called ‘foam cells’. For this to happen, there needs to be a significant change in the permeability of the endothelial layer. Considering the established influence of mechanical stresses on endothelial properties, shear stress can increase the permeability of the endothelial layer. This study employs a hybrid approach, combining computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation with numerical analysis, on a simplified model of the aorta to Investigate Endothelial Shear Stress (ESS) changes in the FS. Our findings reveal that the presence of FS leads to quantitative changes in ESS. Further numerical analysis in MATLAB 9.14 suggests a pattern that metaphorically resembles a dam, potentially trapping ‘foam cells’. In an additional aspect of this study, our findings suggest that an increase in blood flow could potentially counteract the permeability increase, thus acting as a preventative measure against atherosclerosis progression. These results underscore the importance of early intervention strategies to mitigate atherosclerosis progression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biomechanics in Cardiovascular Diseases)
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20 pages, 4211 KiB  
Article
Research on the Optimal Design Approach of the Surface Texture for Journal Bearings
by Chunxing Gu, Yumin Cui and Di Zhang
Lubricants 2024, 12(4), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12040111 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Aiming to improve the comprehensive performance of the journal bearing system, this paper presents a multi-objective adaptive scale texture optimization design approach. A mixed lubrication model for the textured journal bearing system is established by considering the effects of cavitation and roughness. The [...] Read more.
Aiming to improve the comprehensive performance of the journal bearing system, this paper presents a multi-objective adaptive scale texture optimization design approach. A mixed lubrication model for the textured journal bearing system is established by considering the effects of cavitation and roughness. The geometrical parameters of the textures were co-optimized using a multi-objective grey wolf optimizer to obtain the optimal texture schemes that are suitable for different operating conditions. Through this approach, the influences of different texture schemes under transient operating conditions can be investigated. According to the results, it was found that different texture schemes result in different friction reduction effects. Proper surface texture is beneficial in increasing the minimum oil film thickness and reducing the possibility of asperity contact. The adaptive scale texture exhibits strong adaptability and achieves significant hydrodynamic effects. Therefore, the developed approach provides valuable insights for the optimization design of journal bearing systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Mixed Lubrication)
23 pages, 9475 KiB  
Article
Functional and Multi-Omics Effects of an Optimized CRISPR-Mediated FURIN Depletion in U937 Monocytes
by Ruiming Chua, Lijin Wang, Roshni Singaraja and Sujoy Ghosh
Cells 2024, 13(7), 588; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13070588 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The pro-protein convertase FURIN (PCSK3) is implicated in a wide range of normal and pathological biological processes such as infectious diseases, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Previously, we performed a systemic inhibition of FURIN in a mouse model of atherosclerosis and demonstrated significant plaque [...] Read more.
The pro-protein convertase FURIN (PCSK3) is implicated in a wide range of normal and pathological biological processes such as infectious diseases, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Previously, we performed a systemic inhibition of FURIN in a mouse model of atherosclerosis and demonstrated significant plaque reduction and alterations in macrophage function. To understand the cellular mechanisms affected by FURIN inhibition in myeloid cells, we optimized a CRISPR-mediated gene deletion protocol for successfully deriving hemizygous (HZ) and nullizygous (NZ) FURIN knockout clones in U937 monocytic cells using lipotransfection-based procedures and a dual guide RNA delivery strategy. We observed differences in monocyte and macrophage functions involving phagocytosis, lipid accumulation, cell migration, inflammatory gene expression, cytokine release patterns, secreted proteomics (cytokines) and whole-genome transcriptomics between wild-type, HZ and NZ FURIN clones. These studies provide a mechanistic basis on the possible roles of myeloid cell FURIN in cardiovascular disorders. Full article
24 pages, 9262 KiB  
Article
Automated Image-Based User Interface Color Theme Generation
by Primo? Weingerl
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2850; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072850 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Color plays an essential role in the design of user interfaces and significantly impacts the user experience. To create aesthetically pleasing and user-friendly interfaces, the colors of the user interface should be consistent with the images. The latter can be challenging to achieve, [...] Read more.
Color plays an essential role in the design of user interfaces and significantly impacts the user experience. To create aesthetically pleasing and user-friendly interfaces, the colors of the user interface should be consistent with the images. The latter can be challenging to achieve, as images often have different colors and are often changed by editors or authors who do not have sufficient design knowledge. To solve this problem, we have developed a model that automatically determines the color theme of the user interface based on a given image. The model first extracts the most prominent colors from the image and then considers both aesthetic (color harmony and compatibility with the image) and usability aspects (color contrast, color diversity, and color strength). All color calculations are performed in the perceptually uniform color space CAM02-UCS. In addition, the model can be adapted to the user’s needs and requirements. To test the model, we implemented it in a web-based application in which the colors were automatically selected based on the featured image. The resulting color themes were then evaluated by the users, who were mainly professional designers. According to the results, the model generates color themes that are consistent with the image, aesthetic, and user-friendly. An important observation was also that color harmony can be achieved simply by using the most prominent colors of the image (regardless of their hue), suggesting that color harmony is strongly influenced by the context of use. The presented model holds significant practical importance as it can be utilized in various applications and tools. For instance, it can automatically choose a color theme for a user interface based on a particular image, such as a company logo or a product image. Moreover, it can dynamically adjust the colors of elements in real time based on the image that is visible simultaneously with the elements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Intelligent Human-Computer Interaction)
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15 pages, 290 KiB  
Review
Current and Future Applications of Arterial Spin Labeling MRI in Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
by Matteo De Simone, Marco Maria Fontanella, Anis Choucha, Karl Schaller, Paolo Machi, Giuseppe Lanzino, Philippe Bijlenga, Felix T. Kurz, Karl-Olof L?vblad and Lucio De Maria
Biomedicines 2024, 12(4), 753; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12040753 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Arterial spin labeling (ASL) has emerged as a promising noninvasive tool for the evaluation of both pediatric and adult arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). This paper reviews the advantages and challenges associated with the use of ASL in AVM assessment. An assessment of the diagnostic [...] Read more.
Arterial spin labeling (ASL) has emerged as a promising noninvasive tool for the evaluation of both pediatric and adult arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). This paper reviews the advantages and challenges associated with the use of ASL in AVM assessment. An assessment of the diagnostic workup of AVMs and their variants in both adult and pediatric populations is proposed. Evaluation after treatments, whether endovascular or microsurgical, was similarly examined. ASL, with its endogenous tracer and favorable safety profile, offers functional assessment and arterial feeder identification. ASL has demonstrated strong performance in identifying feeder arteries and detecting arteriovenous shunting, although some studies report inferior performance compared with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in delineating venous drainage. Challenges include uncertainties in sensitivity for specific AVM features. Detecting AVMs in challenging locations, such as the apical cranial convexity, is further complicated, demanding careful consideration due to the risk of underestimating total blood flow. Navigating these challenges, ASL provides a noninvasive avenue with undeniable merits, but a balanced approach considering its limitations is crucial. Larger-scale prospective studies are needed to comprehensively evaluate the diagnostic performance of ASL in AVM assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Cerebrovascular Diseases)
17 pages, 1382 KiB  
Article
Centering Educators’ Voices in the Development of Professional Learning for Data-Rich, Place-Based Science Instruction
by Nicole Wong, Rasha Elsayed, Katy Nilsen, Leticia R. Perez and Kirsten R. Daehler
Educ. Sci. 2024, 14(4), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14040356 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
This self-reflective case study describes our project team’s efforts to promote equity in science professional learning (PL) by centering the voices of educators in the PL design process and within the course itself. We believe that educators’ experiences, priorities, and expertise are essential [...] Read more.
This self-reflective case study describes our project team’s efforts to promote equity in science professional learning (PL) by centering the voices of educators in the PL design process and within the course itself. We believe that educators’ experiences, priorities, and expertise are essential to developing professional learning that meets the needs of teachers and their students. We have a particular interest in amplifying the voices of those in historically underrepresented communities. Toward that end, we engaged science educators who work with Indigenous students and recent immigrants as collaborators in developing PL to support data-rich, place-based Earth Science instruction. In this case study, we share and critique the practices and tools that we have employed to center educator voices, rather than those of the PL designers and researchers. Our strategies for developing more equitable science professional learning include the use of: (a) equity-focused research methods, such as asset-based needs-sensing questions and peer-to-peer interviews; (b) a humanistic stance toward data-rich science learning, which emphasizes the typically unnamed sociocultural inputs and outputs that permeate all aspects of data; (c) a participatory design process that centers educator voices; and (d) a model of professional learning that uses representations of educator and student experiences as objects for reflection. Full article
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27 pages, 2480 KiB  
Review
Current Status and Future Perspectives of Optic Nerve Imaging in Glaucoma
by Claudia Lommatzsch and Christian van Oterendorp
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(7), 1966; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071966 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Being the primary site of degeneration, the optic nerve has always been the focus of structural glaucoma assessment. The technical advancements, mainly of optical coherence tomography (OCT), now allow for a very precise quantification of the optic nerve head and peripapillary retina morphology. [...] Read more.
Being the primary site of degeneration, the optic nerve has always been the focus of structural glaucoma assessment. The technical advancements, mainly of optical coherence tomography (OCT), now allow for a very precise quantification of the optic nerve head and peripapillary retina morphology. By far the most commonly used structural optic nerve parameter is the thickness of the parapapillary retinal nerve fiber, which has great clinical utility but also suffers from significant limitations, mainly in advanced glaucoma. Emerging novel imaging technologies, such as OCT angiography, polarization-sensitive or visible-light OCT and adaptive optics, offer new biomarkers that have the potential to significantly improve structural glaucoma diagnostics. Another great potential lies in the processing of the data already available. Artificial intelligence does not only help increase the reliability of current biomarkers but can also integrate data from various imaging modalities and other clinical measures to increase diagnostic accuracy. And it can, in a more efficient way, draw information from available datasets, such as an OCT scan, compared to the current concept of biomarkers, which only use a fraction of the whole dataset. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ophthalmic Imaging)

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