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19 pages, 2283 KiB  
Article
The Role of ChatGPT in Elevating Customer Experience and Efficiency in Automotive After-Sales Business Processes
by Piotr Sli?
Appl. Syst. Innov. 2024, 7(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi7020029 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Purpose: The advancements in deep learning and AI technologies have led to the development of such language models, in 2022, as OpenAI’s ChatGPT. The primary objective of this paper is to thoroughly examine the capabilities of ChatGPT within the realm of business-process management [...] Read more.
Purpose: The advancements in deep learning and AI technologies have led to the development of such language models, in 2022, as OpenAI’s ChatGPT. The primary objective of this paper is to thoroughly examine the capabilities of ChatGPT within the realm of business-process management (BPM). This exploration entails analyzing its practical application, particularly through process-mining techniques, within the context of automotive after-sales processes. Originality: this article highlights the issue of possible ChatGPT application in selected stages of after-sales processes in the automotive sector. Methods: to achieve the main aim of this paper, methods such as a literature review, participant observation, unstructured interviews, CRISP-DM methodology, and process mining were used. Findings: This study emphasizes the promising impact of implementing the ChatGPT OpenAI tool to enhance processes in the automotive after-sales sector. Conducted in 2023, shortly after the tool’s introduction, the research highlights its potential to contribute to heightened customer satisfaction within the after-sales domain. The investigation focuses on the process-execution time. A key premise is that waiting time represents an additional cost for customers seeking these services. Employing process-mining methodologies, the study identifies stages characterized by unnecessary delays. Collaborative efforts with domain experts are employed to establish benchmark durations for researched processes’ stages. The study proposes the integration of ChatGPT to improve and expedite stages, including service reception, reception check-out, repair and maintenance, and claim repair. This holistic approach aligns with the current imperatives of business-process improvement and optimalization, aiming to enhance operational efficiency and customer-centric service delivery in the automotive after-sales sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Information Systems)
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15 pages, 794 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Pig Vertebrae under Axial Compression Integrating Radiomic Techniques and Finite Element Analysis
by Cristian A. Hernández-Salazar, Camilo E. Chamorro and Octavio A. González-Estrada
Inventions 2024, 9(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions9020036 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The study of pig bones, due to their similarity with human tissues, has facilitated the development of technological tools that help in the diagnosis of diseases and injuries affecting the skeletal system. Radiomic techniques involving medical image segmentation, along with finite element analysis, [...] Read more.
The study of pig bones, due to their similarity with human tissues, has facilitated the development of technological tools that help in the diagnosis of diseases and injuries affecting the skeletal system. Radiomic techniques involving medical image segmentation, along with finite element analysis, enable the detailed study of bone damage, loss of density, and mechanical functionality, which is a significant advancement in personalized medicine. This study involves conducting experimental tests on L3–L6 pig vertebrae under axial loading conditions. The mechanical properties of these vertebrae are analyzed, and the maximum loads they can sustain within the elastic range are determined. Additionally, three-dimensional models are generated by segmenting computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans of the vertebrae. Digital shadows of the vertebrae are constructed by assigning an anisotropic material model to the segmented geometries. Then, finite element analysis is performed to evaluate the elastic characteristics, stress, and displacement. The findings from the experimental data are then compared to the numerical model, revealing a strong correlation with differences of less than 0.8% in elastic modulus and 1.53% in displacement. The proposed methodology offers valuable support in achieving more accurate medical outcomes, employing models that serve as a diagnostic reference. Moreover, accurate bone modeling using finite element analysis provides valuable information to understand how implants interact with the surrounding bone tissue. This information is useful in guiding the design and optimization of implants, enabling the creation of safer, more durable, and biocompatible medical devices that promote optimal osseointegration and healing in the patient. Full article
12 pages, 1113 KiB  
Article
Development of High-Voltage Electrodes for Neutron Scattering Sample Environment Devices
by Guoliang Sun, Tingting Guo, Bao Yuan, Xiaojing Yang and Guang Wang
Instruments 2024, 8(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8020026 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The sample environment is essential to neutron scattering experiments as it induces the sample under study into a phase or state of particular interest. Various sample environments have been developed, yet the high-voltage electric field has rarely been documented. In this study, Bruce [...] Read more.
The sample environment is essential to neutron scattering experiments as it induces the sample under study into a phase or state of particular interest. Various sample environments have been developed, yet the high-voltage electric field has rarely been documented. In this study, Bruce electrodes with various sectional geometries and chamber sizes were examined by using simulation modeling based on ANSYS Maxwell. A large uniform field region where samples would sit could be achieved in the planar region for all specifications, but the size of the region and the field strength varied with the gap distance between electrodes. The edging effect was inherently observed even for bare electrodes, about 1.7% higher in the sinusoidal region than the planar region, and was significantly deteriorated when a chamber was applied. This effect, however, presented an exponential decrease as the minimum distance between the electrode edge and the chamber shell increased. A compromise between the spatial confinement and the achievable field (strength and uniform region) could be reached according to the unique applicability of neutron instruments. This research provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent design and manufacturing of high-voltage sample environment devices. Full article
21 pages, 4636 KiB  
Article
Molecular Characteristics, Expression Patterns, and Response of Insulin-like Growth Factors Gene Induced by Sex Steroid Hormones in Blotched Snakehead (Channa maculata)
by Xiaotian Zhang, Yuxia Wu, Yang Zhang, Jin Zhang, Kunci Chen, Haiyang Liu, Qing Luo, Shuzhan Fei, Jian Zhao and Mi Ou
Fishes 2024, 9(4), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9040120 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) play central roles in the growth and development of vertebrates. Blotched snakehead (Channa maculata), an economically significant fish, exhibits obvious sexual dimorphism and achieves sexual maturity in one year. However, the role of IGFs in C. maculata [...] Read more.
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) play central roles in the growth and development of vertebrates. Blotched snakehead (Channa maculata), an economically significant fish, exhibits obvious sexual dimorphism and achieves sexual maturity in one year. However, the role of IGFs in C. maculata remains unknown. Three IGF genes were identified in C. maculata, designated as CmIGF1-1, CmIGF1-2, and CmIGF2. The cDNA sequences of these genes are 1184, 655, and 695 bp, encoding putative proteins of 168, 131, and 215 amino acids, respectively, and all three proteins contain a conserved IGF domain. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) revealed the predominant expression of CmIGFs in the liver of adult fish, with higher expression levels observed in males. Notably, CmIGF1-1, CmIGF1-2, and CmIGF2 displayed analogous expression profiles in the liver across various developmental stages, peaking at 365 days after hatching (dah). Subsequently, 600 individuals at 75 dah, at an early developmental stage, were randomly divided equally into six groups and reared in aerated 2 m × 2 m × 2 m cement ponds at 26.0 ± 1.0 °C. Following a one-week acclimatization period, fish without observed abnormalities were intraperitoneally injected with either 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) or 17α-methyltestosterone (MT) at a dose of 10 μg/g body weight. Three groups underwent short-term hormone treatment, and the remaining three groups underwent long-term hormone treatment, which included five injections at two-week intervals over ten weeks. The analysis of CmIGFs expression levels in the liver under different hormone treatments revealed that EE2 suppressed the expression of CmIGF1-1 and CmIGF1-2 while promoting CmIGF2 expression. In females, MT up-regulated the expression of CmIGF1-1 and CmIGF2 in a time-dependent manner, but consistently inhibited CmIGF2 expression. In males, MT promoted the expression of CmIGFs in a time-dependent manner, reaching peak levels for CmIGF1-1, CmIGF1-2, and CmIGF2 after 8, 10, and 2 weeks of injection, respectively. Additionally, CmIGF1 and CmIGF2 might exhibit a complementary relationship, with a compensatory increase in CmIGF2 expression in response to low CmIGF1 concentration. These findings highlight the potential key role of IGFs upon growth and their regulation by sex steroid hormones in C. maculata, providing a crucial foundation for future research aimed at elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the growth dimorphism between female and male blotched snakeheads. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Breeding in Aquaculture)
30 pages, 4929 KiB  
Article
A Random Particle Swarm Optimization Based on Cosine Similarity for Global Optimization and Classification Problems
by Yujia Liu, Yuan Zeng, Rui Li, Xingyun Zhu, Yuemai Zhang, Weijie Li, Taiyong Li, Donglin Zhu and Gangqiang Hu
Biomimetics 2024, 9(4), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9040204 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
In today’s fast-paced and ever-changing environment, the need for algorithms with enhanced global optimization capability has become increasingly crucial due to the emergence of a wide range of optimization problems. To tackle this issue, we present a new algorithm called Random Particle Swarm [...] Read more.
In today’s fast-paced and ever-changing environment, the need for algorithms with enhanced global optimization capability has become increasingly crucial due to the emergence of a wide range of optimization problems. To tackle this issue, we present a new algorithm called Random Particle Swarm Optimization (RPSO) based on cosine similarity. RPSO is evaluated using both the IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC) 2022 test dataset and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classification experiments. The RPSO algorithm builds upon the traditional PSO algorithm by incorporating several key enhancements. Firstly, the parameter selection is adapted and a mechanism called Random Contrastive Interaction (RCI) is introduced. This mechanism fosters information exchange among particles, thereby improving the ability of the algorithm to explore the search space more effectively. Secondly, quadratic interpolation (QI) is incorporated to boost the local search efficiency of the algorithm. RPSO utilizes cosine similarity for the selection of both QI and RCI, dynamically updating population information to steer the algorithm towards optimal solutions. In the evaluation using the CEC 2022 test dataset, RPSO is compared with recent variations of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and top algorithms in the CEC community. The results highlight the strong competitiveness and advantages of RPSO, validating its effectiveness in tackling global optimization tasks. Additionally, in the classification experiments with optimizing CNNs for medical images, RPSO demonstrated stability and accuracy comparable to other algorithms and variants. This further confirms the value and utility of RPSO in improving the performance of CNN classification tasks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Inspired Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms 2024)
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50 pages, 3097 KiB  
Article
Multi-Strategy Boosted Fick’s Law Algorithm for Engineering Optimization Problems and Parameter Estimation
by Jialing Yan, Gang Hu and Jiulong Zhang
Biomimetics 2024, 9(4), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9040205 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
To address the shortcomings of the recently proposed Fick’s Law Algorithm, which is prone to local convergence and poor convergence efficiency, we propose a multi-strategy improved Fick’s Law Algorithm (FLAS). The method combines multiple effective strategies, including differential mutation strategy, Gaussian local mutation [...] Read more.
To address the shortcomings of the recently proposed Fick’s Law Algorithm, which is prone to local convergence and poor convergence efficiency, we propose a multi-strategy improved Fick’s Law Algorithm (FLAS). The method combines multiple effective strategies, including differential mutation strategy, Gaussian local mutation strategy, interweaving-based comprehensive learning strategy, and seagull update strategy. First, the differential variation strategy is added in the search phase to increase the randomness and expand the search degree of space. Second, by introducing the Gaussian local variation, the search diversity is increased, and the exploration capability and convergence efficiency are further improved. Further, a comprehensive learning strategy that simultaneously updates multiple individual parameters is introduced to improve search diversity and shorten the running time. Finally, the stability of the update is improved by adding a global search mechanism to balance the distribution of molecules on both sides during seagull updates. To test the competitiveness of the algorithms, the exploration and exploitation capability of the proposed FLAS is validated on 23 benchmark functions, and CEC2020 tests. FLAS is compared with other algorithms in seven engineering optimizations such as a reducer, three-bar truss, gear transmission system, piston rod optimization, gas transmission compressor, pressure vessel, and stepped cone pulley. The experimental results verify that FLAS can effectively optimize conventional engineering optimization problems. Finally, the engineering applicability of the FLAS algorithm is further highlighted by analyzing the results of parameter estimation for the solar PV model. Full article
15 pages, 3607 KiB  
Article
Nonlinear Growth Dynamics of Neuronal Cells Cultured on Directional Surfaces
by Cristian Staii
Biomimetics 2024, 9(4), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9040203 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
During the development of the nervous system, neuronal cells extend axons and dendrites that form complex neuronal networks, which are essential for transmitting and processing information. Understanding the physical processes that underlie the formation of neuronal networks is essential for gaining a deeper [...] Read more.
During the development of the nervous system, neuronal cells extend axons and dendrites that form complex neuronal networks, which are essential for transmitting and processing information. Understanding the physical processes that underlie the formation of neuronal networks is essential for gaining a deeper insight into higher-order brain functions such as sensory processing, learning, and memory. In the process of creating networks, axons travel towards other recipient neurons, directed by a combination of internal and external cues that include genetic instructions, biochemical signals, as well as external mechanical and geometrical stimuli. Although there have been significant recent advances, the basic principles governing axonal growth, collective dynamics, and the development of neuronal networks remain poorly understood. In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of nonlinear dynamics for axonal growth on surfaces with periodic geometrical patterns. We show that axonal growth on these surfaces is described by nonlinear Langevin equations with speed-dependent deterministic terms and gaussian stochastic noise. This theoretical model yields a comprehensive description of axonal growth at both intermediate and long time scales (tens of hours after cell plating), and predicts key dynamical parameters, such as speed and angular correlation functions, axonal mean squared lengths, and diffusion (cell motility) coefficients. We use this model to perform simulations of axonal trajectories on the growth surfaces, in turn demonstrating very good agreement between simulated growth and the experimental results. These results provide important insights into the current understanding of the dynamical behavior of neurons, the self-wiring of the nervous system, as well as for designing innovative biomimetic neural network models. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetics Models of Cellular Motility)
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21 pages, 2328 KiB  
Review
Replace or Regenerate? Diverse Approaches to Biomaterials for Treating Corneal Lesions
by Pietro Bonato and Andrea Bagno
Biomimetics 2024, 9(4), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9040202 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The inner structures of the eye are protected by the cornea, which is a transparent membrane exposed to the external environment and subjected to the risk of lesions and diseases, sometimes resulting in impaired vision and blindness. Several eye pathologies can be treated [...] Read more.
The inner structures of the eye are protected by the cornea, which is a transparent membrane exposed to the external environment and subjected to the risk of lesions and diseases, sometimes resulting in impaired vision and blindness. Several eye pathologies can be treated with a keratoplasty, a surgical procedure aimed at replacing the cornea with tissues from human donors. Even though the success rate is high (up to 90% for the first graft in low-risk patients at 5-year follow-up), this approach is limited by the insufficient number of donors and several clinically relevant drawbacks. Alternatively, keratoprosthesis can be applied in an attempt to restore minimal functions of the cornea: For this reason, it is used only for high-risk patients. Recently, many biomaterials of both natural and synthetic origin have been developed as corneal substitutes to restore and replace diseased or injured corneas in low-risk patients. After illustrating the traditional clinical approaches, the present paper aims to review the most innovative solutions that have been recently proposed to regenerate the cornea, avoiding the use of donor tissues. Finally, innovative approaches to biological tissue 3D printing and xenotransplantation will be mentioned. Full article
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13 pages, 2546 KiB  
Article
Bipedal Robot Gait Generation Using Bessel Interpolation
by Zhen Wang, Qingfeng Li, Lei Kou, Danni Zheng, Wende Ke and Dongxin Lu
Biomimetics 2024, 9(4), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9040201 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
This paper introduces a novel approach to bipedal robot gait generation by proposing a higher-order form through the parameter equation of first-order Bessel interpolation. The trajectory planning for the bipedal robot, specifically for stepping up or down stairs, is established based on a [...] Read more.
This paper introduces a novel approach to bipedal robot gait generation by proposing a higher-order form through the parameter equation of first-order Bessel interpolation. The trajectory planning for the bipedal robot, specifically for stepping up or down stairs, is established based on a three-dimensional interpolation equation. The experimental prototype, Roban, is utilized for the study, and the structural sketch of a single leg is presented. The inverse kinematics expression for the leg is derived using kinematic methods. Employing a position control method, the angle information is transmitted to the robot’s joints, enabling the completion of both downstairs simulation experiments and physical experiments with the Roban prototype. The analysis of the experimental process reveals a noticeable phenomenon of hip and ankle joint tilting in the robot. This observation suggests that low-cost bipedal robots driven by servo motors exhibit low stiffness characteristics in their joints. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bioinspired Sensorics, Information Processing and Control)
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12 pages, 784 KiB  
Article
Near-Freezing Temperature Storage Improves Peach Fruit Chilling Tolerance by Regulating the Antioxidant and Proline Metabolism
by Handong Zhao, Shuqi Meng, Maorun Fu and Qingmin Chen
Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040337 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Chilling injury (CI) in peach fruit (Prunus persica cv. Yuhualu) is generally caused by long-time low temperature (5 °C or 0 °C) storage. However, peach fruit stored at near-freezing temperature (NFT in this research is −1 °C), defined as within 0.5 °C [...] Read more.
Chilling injury (CI) in peach fruit (Prunus persica cv. Yuhualu) is generally caused by long-time low temperature (5 °C or 0 °C) storage. However, peach fruit stored at near-freezing temperature (NFT in this research is −1 °C), defined as within 0.5 °C above the biological freezing point of biological tissue, does not exhibit CI symptoms. The effect of NFT on the CI, proline metabolism, and antioxidant capability of peach fruit during storage was studied and compared with 5 °C and 0 °C storage as controls. The results exhibit that NFT completely inhibited the occurrence of CI in peach fruit. NFT significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging capacity. Moreover, the increase of malondialdehyde, ion leakage, and H2O2 accumulation were inhibited remarkably by NFT, and decreases in the contents of phenolics and ascorbic acid were slowed significantly in peach fruit stored at NFT (p < 0.05). Additionally, NFT storage enhanced proline accumulation by modulating the activity of proline metabolizing enzymes. In conclusion, the above results suggest that NFT storage can improve the chilling tolerance of peach fruit by regulating the antioxidant defense and proline metabolism, which might represent a potential novel method to store fruits and vegetables for longer storage times. Full article
13 pages, 1002 KiB  
Article
Determining Moisture Content of Basil Using Handheld Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
by Reyhaneh Gorji, Jan Skvaril and Monica Odlare
Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040336 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Accurate and rapid determination of moisture content is essential in crop production and decision-making for irrigation. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been shown to be a promising method for determining moisture content in various agricultural products, including herbs and vegetables. This study tested the [...] Read more.
Accurate and rapid determination of moisture content is essential in crop production and decision-making for irrigation. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been shown to be a promising method for determining moisture content in various agricultural products, including herbs and vegetables. This study tested the hypothesis that NIR spectroscopy is effective in accurately measuring the moisture content of Genovese basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), with the objective of developing a respective calibration model. Spectral data were obtained from a total of 120 basil leaf samples over a period of six days. These included freshly harvested and detached leaves, as well as those left in ambient air for 1–6 days. Five spectra were taken from each leaf using a handheld NIR spectrophotometer, which covers the first and second overtones of the NIR spectral region: 950–1650 nm. After the spectral acquisition, the leaves were weighed for fresh mass and then put in an oven for 72 h at 80 °C to determine the dry weight and calculate the reference moisture content. The calibration model was developed using multivariate analysis in MATLAB, including preprocessing and regression modeling. The data obtained from 75% of the samples were used for model training and 25% for validation. The final model demonstrates strong performance metrics. The root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) is 2.9908, the root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) is 3.2368, and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) reaches 2.4675. The coefficients of determination for calibration (R2C) and cross-validation (R2CV) are consistent, with values of 0.829 and 0.80, respectively. The model’s predictive ability is indicated by a coefficient of determination for prediction (R2P) of 0.86. The range error ratio (RER) stands at 11.045—highlighting its predictive performance. Our investigation, using handheld NIR spectrophotometry, confirms NIR’s usefulness in basil moisture determination. The rapid determination offers valuable insights for irrigation and crop management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Horticulture: Latest Advances and Prospects)
25 pages, 3774 KiB  
Article
Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Fifteen Gene Families Involved in Anthocyanin Synthesis in Pear
by Lingchao Zhang, Bobo Song, Bo Li, Shiqiang Zhang, Yueyuan Liu, Guosong Chen, Jianhui Zhang, Jiaming Li and Jun Wu
Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040335 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Anthocyanins play a crucial role in imparting red coloration to pear fruits. However, the specific number and expression patterns of each member within the anthocyanin biosynthesis-related gene families in pears require systematic exploration. In this study, based on the pear genome we identified [...] Read more.
Anthocyanins play a crucial role in imparting red coloration to pear fruits. However, the specific number and expression patterns of each member within the anthocyanin biosynthesis-related gene families in pears require systematic exploration. In this study, based on the pear genome we identified 15 gene families involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway using the BLASTP and Hidden Markov Model search methods, comprising a total of 94 enzyme genes. Through phylogenetic analysis, conserved domains, motif, and gene structure analysis, these gene families were further categorized into eight distinct lineages. Subsequent collinearity analysis revealed that the expansion of anthocyanin synthesis-related gene families primarily originated from segmental duplications. Analysis of cis-element in the promoter regions of genes related to anthocyanin synthesis unveiled the presence of light-responsive elements and various hormone-responsive elements. This suggests that changes in light stimulation and hormone levels may influence anthocyanin synthesis. RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR analyses indicated differential expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes between the peel and flesh tissues. During the accumulation of anthocyanins in red-fleshed pears, upstream genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway such as PbrPAL2, PbrC4H2, PbrC4H3, Pbr4CL2, Pbr4CL17, PbrF3H5, and PbrF3H6 exhibited high expression levels, likely contributing significantly to the red coloration of pear flesh. In summary, we have identified the number of gene family members involved in pear anthocyanin biosynthesis and analyzed the expression patterns of the genes related to pear anthocyanin biosynthesis. These findings provide a solid foundation for further research on the regulatory mechanisms underlying pear anthocyanin biosynthesis and the breeding of red pear varieties. Full article
19 pages, 590 KiB  
Article
Biological Control of Pseudomonas syringae in Tomato Using Filtrates and Extracts Produced by Alternaria leptinellae
by Carlos García-Latorre, Sara Rodrigo and Oscar Santamaria
Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040334 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Endophytic fungi offer promising alternatives for sustainable plant disease management strategies, often through the production of bioactive secondary metabolites. This study investigated the biocontrol potential of filtrates and extracts, produced under controlled conditions, from Alternaria leptinellae E138 against Pseudomonas syringae in tomato plants [...] Read more.
Endophytic fungi offer promising alternatives for sustainable plant disease management strategies, often through the production of bioactive secondary metabolites. This study investigated the biocontrol potential of filtrates and extracts, produced under controlled conditions, from Alternaria leptinellae E138 against Pseudomonas syringae in tomato plants under greenhouse conditions. To understand the main mechanisms involved in biocontrol, the direct inhibition of bacterial growth and disruption of quorum sensing activity caused by metabolites were studied in vitro, as well as indirect mechanisms, such as their capacity to produce phytohormone-like substances, nutrient mobilization, and antioxidant activity, which can enhance plant growth and fitness. Moreover, a mass spectrometry analysis was used to tentatively identify the secondary metabolites present in the extract with antimicrobial properties, which could explain the biocontrol effects observed. Mycopriming assays, involving the direct treatment of tomato seeds with the fungal A. leptinellae E138 extracts, produced increased germination rates and seedling vigor in tomato seeds. As another treatment, postemergence application of the extracts in greenhouse conditions significantly improved plant health and resulted in a 41% decrease in disease severity. Overall, this study underscores the potential of A. leptinellae E138 extract as a plant growth promoter with biocontrol capabilities, offering promising avenues for sustainable plant disease management. Full article
18 pages, 2376 KiB  
Article
Transcriptomic Database Analysis of Magnesium Transporter (MGT) Gene Family in Pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) Revealed Its Role in Reproductive Stage Development
by Yuchen Ma, Baopeng Ding, Khushboo Khan, Yujing Lin, Ahmad Ali and Liulin Li
Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040333 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The membrane proteins of the magnesium transporter (MGT) family are essential to Mg homeostasis. However, there has not been a comprehensive study of MGT in pear. The 17 MGT that were renamed to PbMGT1-17 in this study were found in the pear [...] Read more.
The membrane proteins of the magnesium transporter (MGT) family are essential to Mg homeostasis. However, there has not been a comprehensive study of MGT in pear. The 17 MGT that were renamed to PbMGT1-17 in this study were found in the pear genome database. Phylogenetically, PbMGT proteins were categorized into three groups, namely NIPA, MRS2, and CorA. The majority of PbMGT were hydrophobic proteins situated on the chloroplast, according to the characterization study. Members of the same group shared comparable conserved motifs and gene structure, as revealed by motif and exon/intron analysis. The application of gene ontology (GO) and cis-elements has demonstrated that PbMGT genes exhibit a high degree of sensitivity to stressors and take part in chloroplast development and Mg+ ion transport. It was discovered by tissue-specific expression analysis that PbMGT genes might have a role in the development of organs. The critical significance of PbMGT was shown through comprehensive expression in five pear cultivars at various fruit developmental stages. The PbMGT5 gene was significantly expressed throughout fruit development, suggesting a role in the setting and ripening processes of pear fruits. For the first time, our research brought attention to the function of PbMGT genes as they relate to fruit development. Our research is likely to serve as an incentive for the development of pear breeding initiatives in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Physiology Studies in Fruit Development and Ripening)
14 pages, 12833 KiB  
Article
Exploring the PpEXPs Family in Peach: Insights into Their Role in Fruit Texture Development through Identification and Transcriptional Analysis
by Yakun Guo, Conghao Song, Fan Gao, Yixin Zhi, Xianbo Zheng, Xiaobei Wang, Haipeng Zhang, Nan Hou, Jun Cheng, Wei Wang, Langlang Zhang, Xia Ye, Jidong Li, Bin Tan, Xiaodong Lian and Jiancan Feng
Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040332 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Expansins (EXPs) loosen plant cell walls and are involved in diverse developmental processes through modifying cell-walls; however, little is known about the role of PpEXPs in peach fruit. In this study, 26 PpEXP genes were identified in the peach genome and grouped into [...] Read more.
Expansins (EXPs) loosen plant cell walls and are involved in diverse developmental processes through modifying cell-walls; however, little is known about the role of PpEXPs in peach fruit. In this study, 26 PpEXP genes were identified in the peach genome and grouped into four subfamilies, with 20 PpEXPAs, three PpEXPBs, one PpEXPLA and two PpEXPLBs. The 26 PpEXPs were mapped on eight chromosomes. The primary mode of gene duplication of the PpEXPs was dispersed gene duplication (DSD, 50%). Notably, cis-elements involved in light responsiveness and MeJA-responsiveness were detected in the promoter regions of all PpEXPs, while ethylene responsive elements were observed in 12 PpEXPs. Transcript profiling of PpEXPs in the peach fruit varieties of MF (melting), NMF (non-melting) and SH (stony hard) at different stages showed that PpEXPs displayed distinct expression patterns. Among the 26 PpEXPs, 15 PpEXPs were expressed in the fruit. Combining the expressing patterns of PpEXPs in fruits with different flesh textures, PpEXPA7, PpEXPA13 and PpEXPA15 were selected as candidate genes, as they were highly consistent with the patterns of previous reported key genes (PpPGM, PpPGF and PpYUC11) in regard to peach fruit texture. The genes with different expression patterns between MF and NMF were divided into 16 modules, of which one module, with pink and midnightblue, negatively correlated with the phenotype of fruit firmness and was identified as PpEXPA1 and PpEXPA7, while the other module was identified as PpERF in the pink module, which might potentially effect fruit texture development by regulating PpEXPs. These results provide a foundation for the functional characterization of PpEXPs in peach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Developmental Biology in Tree Fruit and Nut Crops)
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20 pages, 954 KiB  
Article
Farmers’ Knowledge, Perceptions, and Management Practices of False Codling Moth (Thaumatotibia leucotreta) in Smallholder Capsicum sp. Cropping Systems in Kenya
by Emmanuel M. Onamu, Daniel M. Mutyambai, Isaac M. Nyangau, John H. Nderitu, Muo Kasina, Dorah C. Kilalo and Allan N. Mweke
Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040331 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
False codling moth (FCM) Thaumatotibia leucotreta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is currently the main pest of phytosanitary concern in international trade, causing rejection and decline of horticultural produce from Kenya exported to the European Union (EU). Overreliance on synthetic insecticides to control this pest [...] Read more.
False codling moth (FCM) Thaumatotibia leucotreta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is currently the main pest of phytosanitary concern in international trade, causing rejection and decline of horticultural produce from Kenya exported to the European Union (EU). Overreliance on synthetic insecticides to control this pest is ineffective and unsustainable in the long run, whereas continuous use of pesticides results in high levels of residues in the produce. To gather farmers’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices used by smallholder farmers to manage this pest, a field survey was carried out in 10 Capsicum sp. (Solanales: Solanaceae)-producing counties in Kenya. Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires administered through face-to-face interviews and focus group discussions involving 108 individual farmers, 20 key informants, and 10 focus group discussions. The majority of the respondents (83.33%) were aware of the FCM infesting Capsicum sp. About three quarters of the farmers (76.85%) reported yield losses and unmarketable quality of FCM-infested Capsicum sp. Most farmers interviewed (99.07%) used insecticides as a management tool. In contrast, only 39.81% of the farmers applied integrated pest management strategies including use of biological control agents and intercropping with repellent plants to control this pest. The results show that FCM is perceived as a significant threat to the horticultural industry of Kenya. Training needs for smallholder farmers and key informants to avoid overreliance on synthetic chemical pesticides and to maintain export goals to the EU where identified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implementation of IPM Measures in Vegetable Cropping Systems)
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15 pages, 3270 KiB  
Article
Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Improve the Development of Chrysanthemum × morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl. ‘Jinba’ Inflorescences
by Yanbing Li, Yushan Lu, Jiaojiao Fu, Benxue Chen, Li Fu, Xiaorong Huang, Zunzheng Wei, Yuhong Zheng and Zhen Zeng
Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040330 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The application of cut flower preservation technology can significantly enhance both the ornamental and economic value of fresh-cut flowers. Research on vase solutions has become a concentrated area in current studies on cut flower preservation. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), as a type of [...] Read more.
The application of cut flower preservation technology can significantly enhance both the ornamental and economic value of fresh-cut flowers. Research on vase solutions has become a concentrated area in current studies on cut flower preservation. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), as a type of carbon nanomaterial with bactericidal and membrane-penetrating properties, can be used as a component in vase solutions. This supplementation of energy substances aims to improve antioxidant enzyme activity, thereby enhancing the postharvest quality of cut chrysanthemums. In this study, deionized water and a standard preservative solution were employed as control groups to compare the effects of MWCNTs applied at different concentrations, combined with common preservatives such as sugar and 8-hydroxyquinoline, on the postharvest flowering and preservation of Chrysanthemum × morifolium ‘Jinba’. By observing the distribution of MWCNTs in the tissues surrounding the cut and changes in water content, carbon sources, osmoregulatory substance levels, and the expression of relevant key genes, a formulation with excellent postharvest treatment effects was identified. Preliminary investigations into its action and mechanism were also conducted. The results indicated that the combined treatment with 5 mg L−1 MWCNTs, 30 g L−1 sucrose, and 0.2 g L−1 8-hydroxyquinoline effectively promoted water and sugar uptake in chrysanthemum flowers, accelerating bud opening, maintaining larger inflorescence diameter, and extending the vase life. Ultimately, this enhanced the ornamental value of cut chrysanthemums. These research findings provide theoretical and experimental foundations for the application of multi-walled carbon nanotubes as auxiliary additives to improve the ornamental quality of cut flowers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Floriculture, Nursery and Landscape, and Turf)
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13 pages, 3920 KiB  
Article
Jasmonate Promotes Ester Aroma Biosynthesis during Nanguo Pears Storage
by Liyong Qi, Chuhan Li, Jianan Sun, Weiting Liu, Yueming Yang, Xiaojing Li, Hongjian Li, Yuqi Du, Islam Mostafa and Zepeng Yin
Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040329 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been known to confer the flavor of fruits, characterizing the quality of fruits. Nanguo pear (Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim.) is widely popular among consumers due to its excellent ‘fruity’ aroma derived from ester aroma substances. Jasmonate (JAs) plays [...] Read more.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been known to confer the flavor of fruits, characterizing the quality of fruits. Nanguo pear (Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim.) is widely popular among consumers due to its excellent ‘fruity’ aroma derived from ester aroma substances. Jasmonate (JAs) plays an indispensable role in the formation of many qualities in fruit. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the effect of jasmonate on the VOCs in the Nanguo pear fruit during storage. During storage, the fruits were treated with various concentrations of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DIECA, a JAs inhibitor), the inhibitors of JAs biosynthesis. Subsequently, the composition and levels of VOCs in the fruits were determined using GC-MS. The results showed that 100 uM MeJA treatment could promote the accumulation of ester aroma compounds in Nanguo pear fruits, while 100 mM DIECA had the opposite effect. Meantime, MeJA treatment significantly promoted peel degreening, soluble solids content (SSC), fruit softening, and ethylene formation. The RT-qPCR results showed that JAs stimulated the expression of PuAAT1 and repressed the expression of PuCXEs, leading to an increased accumulation of ester aroma compounds. Overall, these results provide a reference for further research on the effect of JAs on fruit aroma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Physiology Studies in Fruit Development and Ripening)
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12 pages, 7088 KiB  
Article
Association of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and Soil Physicochemical Properties in Tomatoes in Turfloop, Limpopo Province, South Africa
by Ebrahim Shokoohi and Peter Masoko
Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040328 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Turfloop constitutes an area in Mankweng, situated in the Limpopo Province of South Africa, where several villages are home to smallholder farmers who specialize in vegetable farming. Among the most crucial crops cultivated in this region is tomato, a fruit that has gained [...] Read more.
Turfloop constitutes an area in Mankweng, situated in the Limpopo Province of South Africa, where several villages are home to smallholder farmers who specialize in vegetable farming. Among the most crucial crops cultivated in this region is tomato, a fruit that has gained significant commercial importance due to its high demand and versatility in various culinary applications. To determine the relationship of plant-parasitic nematodes and soil physicochemical properties, soil samples were collected from tomato fields. Overall, our results showed that seven nematode genera were in the tomato fields. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of Meloidogyne and potassium (r = 0.903) and a negative correlation with Na (r = −0.684). In contrast, there was no association between the number of Meloidogyne spp. and the pH and texture of the fields. The number of Criconema in the field was negatively correlated with pH (r = −0.732). Soil texture percentages, including clay (r = 0.744), sand (r = −0.744), and silt (r = 0.706), were only correlated with the number of Criconema. The number of dagger nematodes, Xiphinema, was only correlated negatively with NH4+ (r = −0.589) and positively with boron (B) (r = 0.779). None of the soil variables were correlated with the number of Pratylenchus. The principal component analysis (PCA) placed soil samples of tomatoes together, in which the number of Meloidogyne was not correlated to any soil sample site. In conclusion, plant-parasitic nematodes that were associated with tomatoes are of high economic importance as they can reduce the yield. Criconema was found to be sensitive to the soil’s physicochemical properties. In addition, Helicotylenchus was found in all soil samples. Our results suggest that the plant-parasitic nematodes in tomatoes have high diversity with the potential to reduce crop production. Full article
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16 pages, 1622 KiB  
Article
In Vivo Evaluation of Wound Healing Efficacy of Gel-Based Dressings Loaded with Pycnogenol™ and Ceratothoa oestroides Extracts
by Andreas Vitsos, Dimitra Ieronymaki, Maria Kostaki, Chara Almpani, Christina Barda, Stefanos Kikionis, Ioannis Sfiniadakis, Paraskevas Dallas and Michail Christou Rallis
Gels 2024, 10(4), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10040233 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Ceratothoa oestroides and French maritime pine bark (Pycnogenol™) extracts are considered promising therapeutic agents in wound healing. This study explores the healing efficacy of composite dressings containing these extracts, aiming to enhance their stability and effectiveness, utilizing a low-temperature vacuum method for producing [...] Read more.
Ceratothoa oestroides and French maritime pine bark (Pycnogenol™) extracts are considered promising therapeutic agents in wound healing. This study explores the healing efficacy of composite dressings containing these extracts, aiming to enhance their stability and effectiveness, utilizing a low-temperature vacuum method for producing Sodium Alginate—Maltodextrin gel dressings. Surgical wounds were inflicted on SKH-hr2 hairless mice. Dressings were loaded with Pycnogenol™ and/or C. oestroides extracts and assessed for their efficacy. Wound healing was primarily evaluated by clinical and histopathological evaluation and secondarily by Antera 3D camera and biophysical measurements. Dressings were stable and did not compromise the therapeutic properties of C. oestroides extract. All interventions were compared to the C. oestroides ointment as a reference product. Most of the wounds treated with the reference formulation and the C. oestrodes dressing had already closed by the 15th day, with histological scores of 7 and 6.5, respectively. In contrast, wounds treated with Pycnogenol™, either alone or in combination with C. oestroides, did not close by the end of the experiment (16th day), with histological scores reaching 15 in both cases. Furthermore, treatment with 5% Pycnogenol™ dressing appeared to induce skin thickening and increase body temperature. The study underscores the wound healing potential of C. oestroides extracts and highlights the need for further research to optimize Pycnogenol™ dosing in topical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gel-Based Novel Wound Dressing)
17 pages, 3531 KiB  
Article
Functionalized Gelatin/Polysaccharide Hydrogels for Encapsulation of Hepatocytes
by Christian Willems, Fangdi Qi, Marie-Luise Trutschel and Thomas Groth
Gels 2024, 10(4), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10040231 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Liver diseases represent a considerable burden to patients and healthcare systems. Hydrogels play an important role in the engineering of soft tissues and may be useful for embedding hepatocytes for different therapeutic interventions or the development of in vitro models to study the [...] Read more.
Liver diseases represent a considerable burden to patients and healthcare systems. Hydrogels play an important role in the engineering of soft tissues and may be useful for embedding hepatocytes for different therapeutic interventions or the development of in vitro models to study the pathogenesis of liver diseases or testing of drugs. Here, we developed two types of hydrogels by crosslinking hydrazide-functionalized gelatin with either oxidized dialdehyde hyaluronan or alginate through the formation of hydrazone bonds. Gel formulations were studied through texture analysis and rheometry, showing mechanical properties comparable to those of liver tissue while also demonstrating long-term stability. The biocompatibility of hydrogels and their ability to host hepatocytes was studied in vitro in comparison to pure gelatin hydrogels crosslinked by transglutaminase using the hepatocellular line HepG2. It was found that HepG2 cells could be successfully embedded in the hydrogels, showing no signs of gel toxicity and proliferating in a 3D environment comparable to pure transglutaminase cross-linked gelatin hydrogels used as control. Altogether, hydrazide gelatin in combination with oxidized polysaccharides makes stable in situ gelling systems for the incorporation of hepatocytes, which may pave the way for use in liver tissue engineering and drug testing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering)
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21 pages, 2476 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Swelling Properties and Sorption Capacity of Maltodextrin-Based Cross-Linked Polymers
by Claudio Cecone, Gjylije Hoti, Fabrizio Caldera, Marco Ginepro, Adrián Matencio and Francesco Trotta
Gels 2024, 10(4), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10040232 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The development of polymers obtained from renewable sources such as polysaccharides has gained scientific and industrial attention. Cross-linked bio-derived cationic polymers were synthesized via a sustainable approach exploiting a commercial maltodextrin product, namely, Glucidex 2®, as the building block, while diglycidyl [...] Read more.
The development of polymers obtained from renewable sources such as polysaccharides has gained scientific and industrial attention. Cross-linked bio-derived cationic polymers were synthesized via a sustainable approach exploiting a commercial maltodextrin product, namely, Glucidex 2®, as the building block, while diglycidyl ethers and triglycidyl ethers were used as the cross-linking agents. The polymer products were characterized via FTIR-ATR, TGA, DSC, XRD, SEM, elemental analysis, and zeta-potential measurements, to investigate their composition, structure, and properties. Polydispersed amorphous granules displaying thermal stabilities higher than 250 °C, nitrogen contents ranging from 0.8 wt % and 1.1 wt %, and zeta potential values between 10 mV and 15 mV were observed. Subsequently, water absorption capacity measurements ranging from 800% to 1500%, cross-linking density determination, and rheological evaluations demonstrated the promising gel-forming properties of the studied systems. Finally, nitrate, sulfate, and phosphate removal tests were performed to assess the possibility of employing the studied polymer products as suitable sorbents for water remediation. The results obtained from the ion chromatography technique showed high sorption rates, with 80% of nitrates, over 90% of sulfates, and total phosphates removal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polysaccharide Gels and Beyond: From the Synthesis to Application)
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21 pages, 5785 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Ar or N2 Atmosphere on the Structure of Bi-Fe-Carbon Xerogel Based Composites as Electrode Material for Detection of Pb2+ and H2O2
by Carmen I. Fort, Mihai M. Rusu, Liviu C. Cotet, Adriana Vulpoi, Milica Todea, Monica Baia and Lucian Baia
Gels 2024, 10(4), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10040230 - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
In this study, bismuth- and iron-embedded carbon xerogels (XG) were obtained using a modified resorcinol formaldehyde sol–gel synthesis method followed by additional enrichment with iron content. Pyrolysis treatment was performed at elevated temperatures under Ar or N2 atmosphere to obtain nanocomposites with [...] Read more.
In this study, bismuth- and iron-embedded carbon xerogels (XG) were obtained using a modified resorcinol formaldehyde sol–gel synthesis method followed by additional enrichment with iron content. Pyrolysis treatment was performed at elevated temperatures under Ar or N2 atmosphere to obtain nanocomposites with different reduction yields (XGAr or XGN). The interest was focused on investigating the extent to which changes in the pyrolysis atmosphere of these nanocomposites impact the structure, morphology, and electrical properties of the material and consequently affect the electroanalytical performance. The structural and morphological particularities derived from X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements revealed the formation of the nanocomposite phases, mostly metal/oxide components. The achieved performances for the two modified electrodes based on XG treated under Ar or N2 atmosphere clearly differ, as evidenced by the electroanalytical parameters determined from the detection of heavy metal cations (Pb2+) or the use of the square wave voltammetry (SWV) technique, biomarkers (H2O2), or amperometry. By correlating the differences obtained from electroanalytical measurements with those derived from morphological, structural, and surface data, a few utmost important aspects were identified. Pyrolysis under Ar atmosphere favors a significant increase in the α-Fe2O3 amount and H2O2 detection performance (sensitivity of 0.9 A/M and limit of detection of 0.17 μM) in comparison with pyrolysis under N2 (sensitivity of 0.5 A/M and limit of detection of 0.36 μM), while pyrolysis under N2 atmosphere leads to an increase in the metallic Bi amount and Pb2+ detection performance (sensitivity of 8.44 × 103 A/M and limit of detection of 33.05 pM) in comparison with pyrolysis under Ar (sensitivity of 6.47·103 A/M and limit of detection of 46.37 pM). Full article
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