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21 pages, 241 KiB  
Review
Blockchain Technology Implementation in Supply Chain Management: A Literature Review
by Abdel-Aziz Ahmad Sharabati and Elias Radi Jreisat
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2823; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072823 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
This paper aims to comprehensively review the main benefits, limitations, and challenges associated with the uptake of Blockchain technology in supply chain management (SCM). The study utilizes the literature review method, examining articles published from 2016 to 2022 and exploring the factors influencing [...] Read more.
This paper aims to comprehensively review the main benefits, limitations, and challenges associated with the uptake of Blockchain technology in supply chain management (SCM). The study utilizes the literature review method, examining articles published from 2016 to 2022 and exploring the factors influencing the adoption and implementation of Blockchain in SCM. Multiple scholarly insights have shown no more hacking or cherry picking of options given for presenting data with high confidence and, therefore, reliability, as well as an ability to see everything in a highly limited way. An SCM looking at these multi-party evolutionary models shows that for Blockchain, the key advantages center on significantly increased security, confidentiality, traceability, transparency, data accuracy, privacy, efficiency, accountability, and trust. In contrast, the review has also detailed several limitations and challenges that must be overcome by firms and industries looking to adopt Blockchain within their SCM processes, which include problems with scaling, lower performance as a result of interoperability issues, legal and regulatory matters, very high initial implementation and ongoing maintenance costs, a struggle with standardization of the technology and the needed surveillance of this space, avoidance of technology adoption because of trust, the substantial energy used, low awareness, complexity of integrating with existing systems, being in its last mile in partnerships, and privacy. Even with this potential to transform and be disrupted across industry and its sectors, there are still very significant challenges for Blockchain. For those looking to actually utilize SCM and other sectors, understanding this from a variety of perspectives is of great interest to understand if the technology is fit for that sector and what strategies or networks need to be established or linked into with existing firms. Regardless, if these challenges can be overcome and responded to, then the greater protection and efficiency of current and future SCM processes will not only occur, but it can be the first significant node for broader industry-wide innovation and gains in efficiency. Full article
18 pages, 2376 KiB  
Article
Transcriptomic Database Analysis of Magnesium Transporter (MGT) Gene Family in Pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) Revealed Its Role in Reproductive Stage Development
by Yuchen Ma, Baopeng Ding, Khushboo Khan, Yujing Lin, Ahmad Ali and Liulin Li
Horticulturae 2024, 10(4), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10040333 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The membrane proteins of the magnesium transporter (MGT) family are essential to Mg homeostasis. However, there has not been a comprehensive study of MGT in pear. The 17 MGT that were renamed to PbMGT1-17 in this study were found in the pear [...] Read more.
The membrane proteins of the magnesium transporter (MGT) family are essential to Mg homeostasis. However, there has not been a comprehensive study of MGT in pear. The 17 MGT that were renamed to PbMGT1-17 in this study were found in the pear genome database. Phylogenetically, PbMGT proteins were categorized into three groups, namely NIPA, MRS2, and CorA. The majority of PbMGT were hydrophobic proteins situated on the chloroplast, according to the characterization study. Members of the same group shared comparable conserved motifs and gene structure, as revealed by motif and exon/intron analysis. The application of gene ontology (GO) and cis-elements has demonstrated that PbMGT genes exhibit a high degree of sensitivity to stressors and take part in chloroplast development and Mg+ ion transport. It was discovered by tissue-specific expression analysis that PbMGT genes might have a role in the development of organs. The critical significance of PbMGT was shown through comprehensive expression in five pear cultivars at various fruit developmental stages. The PbMGT5 gene was significantly expressed throughout fruit development, suggesting a role in the setting and ripening processes of pear fruits. For the first time, our research brought attention to the function of PbMGT genes as they relate to fruit development. Our research is likely to serve as an incentive for the development of pear breeding initiatives in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Physiology Studies in Fruit Development and Ripening)
18 pages, 898 KiB  
Article
Effectiveness of a Postpartum Breastfeeding Support Group Intervention in Promoting Exclusive Breastfeeding and Perceived Self-Efficacy: A Multicentre Randomized Clinical Trial
by Isabel Rodríguez-Gallego, Isabel Corrales-Gutierrez, Diego Gomez-Baya and Fatima Leon-Larios
Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 988; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16070988 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
There are numerous recognized benefits of breastfeeding; however, sociocultural, individual, and environmental factors influence its initiation and continuation, sometimes leading to breastfeeding rates that are lower than recommended by international guidelines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a [...] Read more.
There are numerous recognized benefits of breastfeeding; however, sociocultural, individual, and environmental factors influence its initiation and continuation, sometimes leading to breastfeeding rates that are lower than recommended by international guidelines. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a group intervention led by midwives supporting breastfeeding during the postpartum period in promoting exclusive breastfeeding, as well as to assess the impact of this intervention on perceived self-efficacy. This was a non-blind, multicentric, cluster-randomized controlled trial. Recruitment started October 2021, concluding May 2023. A total of 382 women from Andalusia (Spain) participated in the study. The results showed that at 4 months postpartum there was a higher prevalence of breastfeeding in the intervention group compared to formula feeding (p = 0.01), as well as a higher prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.03), and also at 6 months (p = 0.01). Perceived self-efficacy was similar in both groups for the first two months after delivery, which then remained stable until 4 months and decreased slightly at 6 months in both groups (p = 0.99). The intervention improved the average scores of perceived self-efficacy and indirectly caused higher rates of exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.005). In conclusion, the midwife-led group intervention supporting breastfeeding proved to be effective at maintaining exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months postpartum and also at increasing perceived self-efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breastfeeding: Benefits to Infant and Mother)
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37 pages, 6751 KiB  
Article
Spatial–Temporal Evolution, Impact Mechanisms, and Reclamation Potential of Rural Human Settlements in China
by Duan Ran, Qiyu Hu and Zhanlu Zhang
Land 2024, 13(4), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13040430 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
In China’s pursuit of modernization, the government has introduced the rural revitalization strategy to combat rural decline, foster balanced urban–rural development, and reduce the urban–rural gap. Rural human settlements, as key components of this strategy, play a vital role. This paper examines the [...] Read more.
In China’s pursuit of modernization, the government has introduced the rural revitalization strategy to combat rural decline, foster balanced urban–rural development, and reduce the urban–rural gap. Rural human settlements, as key components of this strategy, play a vital role. This paper examines the types and characteristics of human–earth relationships within rural settlements, emphasizing their significance. Using national land use and population census data, we analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of rural settlements at the county level, investigating landscape pattern changes, assessing the degree of coupling coordination between rural population and settlements, categorizing relationship types and features, and estimating the potential for remediation. Our findings reveal a growing trend in the scale of rural human settlements, particularly sourced from arable land, with significant expansions observed in the North China Plain and Northeast Plain, indicating potential for farmland reclamation and village consolidation. Landscape patterns of rural human settlements exhibit increased fragmentation, complex shapes, and aggregation. We categorize the utilization of rural human settlements into two types, each with four distinct features: human–land coordination is observed in regions characterized by either a higher rural population and larger rural settlement areas, or lower rural population and smaller rural settlement areas. Human–land trade-offs are evident in areas where there is either a higher rural population and smaller rural settlement areas, or lower rural population and larger rural settlement areas. This provides valuable insights for the Chinese government’s context-specific implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. It also serves as an experiential reference for the governance of rural human settlements in other developing countries. Full article
11 pages, 3171 KiB  
Article
Computational Fluid Dynamics and Numeric Analysis of Aortic Wall Shear Stress Alterations Induced by Fatty Streaks
by Vedat Evren, Muhammad Arya, Abdi Sa?can and Sebnem Bora
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2851; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072851 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a disease of the large arteries, is the primary cause of heart disease and stroke. It often begins with the formation of fatty streaks (FS). The FS consists of subendothelial accumulations of cholesterol-engorged macrophages, called ‘foam cells’. For this to happen, there [...] Read more.
Atherosclerosis, a disease of the large arteries, is the primary cause of heart disease and stroke. It often begins with the formation of fatty streaks (FS). The FS consists of subendothelial accumulations of cholesterol-engorged macrophages, called ‘foam cells’. For this to happen, there needs to be a significant change in the permeability of the endothelial layer. Considering the established influence of mechanical stresses on endothelial properties, shear stress can increase the permeability of the endothelial layer. This study employs a hybrid approach, combining computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation with numerical analysis, on a simplified model of the aorta to Investigate Endothelial Shear Stress (ESS) changes in the FS. Our findings reveal that the presence of FS leads to quantitative changes in ESS. Further numerical analysis in MATLAB 9.14 suggests a pattern that metaphorically resembles a dam, potentially trapping ‘foam cells’. In an additional aspect of this study, our findings suggest that an increase in blood flow could potentially counteract the permeability increase, thus acting as a preventative measure against atherosclerosis progression. These results underscore the importance of early intervention strategies to mitigate atherosclerosis progression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biomechanics in Cardiovascular Diseases)
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20 pages, 4211 KiB  
Article
Research on the Optimal Design Approach of the Surface Texture for Journal Bearings
by Chunxing Gu, Yumin Cui and Di Zhang
Lubricants 2024, 12(4), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12040111 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Aiming to improve the comprehensive performance of the journal bearing system, this paper presents a multi-objective adaptive scale texture optimization design approach. A mixed lubrication model for the textured journal bearing system is established by considering the effects of cavitation and roughness. The [...] Read more.
Aiming to improve the comprehensive performance of the journal bearing system, this paper presents a multi-objective adaptive scale texture optimization design approach. A mixed lubrication model for the textured journal bearing system is established by considering the effects of cavitation and roughness. The geometrical parameters of the textures were co-optimized using a multi-objective grey wolf optimizer to obtain the optimal texture schemes that are suitable for different operating conditions. Through this approach, the influences of different texture schemes under transient operating conditions can be investigated. According to the results, it was found that different texture schemes result in different friction reduction effects. Proper surface texture is beneficial in increasing the minimum oil film thickness and reducing the possibility of asperity contact. The adaptive scale texture exhibits strong adaptability and achieves significant hydrodynamic effects. Therefore, the developed approach provides valuable insights for the optimization design of journal bearing systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Mixed Lubrication)
23 pages, 9475 KiB  
Article
Functional and Multi-Omics Effects of an Optimized CRISPR-Mediated FURIN Depletion in U937 Monocytes
by Ruiming Chua, Lijin Wang, Roshni Singaraja and Sujoy Ghosh
Cells 2024, 13(7), 588; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13070588 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The pro-protein convertase FURIN (PCSK3) is implicated in a wide range of normal and pathological biological processes such as infectious diseases, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Previously, we performed a systemic inhibition of FURIN in a mouse model of atherosclerosis and demonstrated significant plaque [...] Read more.
The pro-protein convertase FURIN (PCSK3) is implicated in a wide range of normal and pathological biological processes such as infectious diseases, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Previously, we performed a systemic inhibition of FURIN in a mouse model of atherosclerosis and demonstrated significant plaque reduction and alterations in macrophage function. To understand the cellular mechanisms affected by FURIN inhibition in myeloid cells, we optimized a CRISPR-mediated gene deletion protocol for successfully deriving hemizygous (HZ) and nullizygous (NZ) FURIN knockout clones in U937 monocytic cells using lipotransfection-based procedures and a dual guide RNA delivery strategy. We observed differences in monocyte and macrophage functions involving phagocytosis, lipid accumulation, cell migration, inflammatory gene expression, cytokine release patterns, secreted proteomics (cytokines) and whole-genome transcriptomics between wild-type, HZ and NZ FURIN clones. These studies provide a mechanistic basis on the possible roles of myeloid cell FURIN in cardiovascular disorders. Full article
24 pages, 9262 KiB  
Article
Automated Image-Based User Interface Color Theme Generation
by Primo? Weingerl
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2850; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072850 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Color plays an essential role in the design of user interfaces and significantly impacts the user experience. To create aesthetically pleasing and user-friendly interfaces, the colors of the user interface should be consistent with the images. The latter can be challenging to achieve, [...] Read more.
Color plays an essential role in the design of user interfaces and significantly impacts the user experience. To create aesthetically pleasing and user-friendly interfaces, the colors of the user interface should be consistent with the images. The latter can be challenging to achieve, as images often have different colors and are often changed by editors or authors who do not have sufficient design knowledge. To solve this problem, we have developed a model that automatically determines the color theme of the user interface based on a given image. The model first extracts the most prominent colors from the image and then considers both aesthetic (color harmony and compatibility with the image) and usability aspects (color contrast, color diversity, and color strength). All color calculations are performed in the perceptually uniform color space CAM02-UCS. In addition, the model can be adapted to the user’s needs and requirements. To test the model, we implemented it in a web-based application in which the colors were automatically selected based on the featured image. The resulting color themes were then evaluated by the users, who were mainly professional designers. According to the results, the model generates color themes that are consistent with the image, aesthetic, and user-friendly. An important observation was also that color harmony can be achieved simply by using the most prominent colors of the image (regardless of their hue), suggesting that color harmony is strongly influenced by the context of use. The presented model holds significant practical importance as it can be utilized in various applications and tools. For instance, it can automatically choose a color theme for a user interface based on a particular image, such as a company logo or a product image. Moreover, it can dynamically adjust the colors of elements in real time based on the image that is visible simultaneously with the elements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Intelligent Human-Computer Interaction)
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15 pages, 290 KiB  
Review
Current and Future Applications of Arterial Spin Labeling MRI in Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
by Matteo De Simone, Marco Maria Fontanella, Anis Choucha, Karl Schaller, Paolo Machi, Giuseppe Lanzino, Philippe Bijlenga, Felix T. Kurz, Karl-Olof L?vblad and Lucio De Maria
Biomedicines 2024, 12(4), 753; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12040753 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Arterial spin labeling (ASL) has emerged as a promising noninvasive tool for the evaluation of both pediatric and adult arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). This paper reviews the advantages and challenges associated with the use of ASL in AVM assessment. An assessment of the diagnostic [...] Read more.
Arterial spin labeling (ASL) has emerged as a promising noninvasive tool for the evaluation of both pediatric and adult arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). This paper reviews the advantages and challenges associated with the use of ASL in AVM assessment. An assessment of the diagnostic workup of AVMs and their variants in both adult and pediatric populations is proposed. Evaluation after treatments, whether endovascular or microsurgical, was similarly examined. ASL, with its endogenous tracer and favorable safety profile, offers functional assessment and arterial feeder identification. ASL has demonstrated strong performance in identifying feeder arteries and detecting arteriovenous shunting, although some studies report inferior performance compared with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in delineating venous drainage. Challenges include uncertainties in sensitivity for specific AVM features. Detecting AVMs in challenging locations, such as the apical cranial convexity, is further complicated, demanding careful consideration due to the risk of underestimating total blood flow. Navigating these challenges, ASL provides a noninvasive avenue with undeniable merits, but a balanced approach considering its limitations is crucial. Larger-scale prospective studies are needed to comprehensively evaluate the diagnostic performance of ASL in AVM assessment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Cerebrovascular Diseases)
17 pages, 1382 KiB  
Article
Centering Educators’ Voices in the Development of Professional Learning for Data-Rich, Place-Based Science Instruction
by Nicole Wong, Rasha Elsayed, Katy Nilsen, Leticia R. Perez and Kirsten R. Daehler
Educ. Sci. 2024, 14(4), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14040356 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
This self-reflective case study describes our project team’s efforts to promote equity in science professional learning (PL) by centering the voices of educators in the PL design process and within the course itself. We believe that educators’ experiences, priorities, and expertise are essential [...] Read more.
This self-reflective case study describes our project team’s efforts to promote equity in science professional learning (PL) by centering the voices of educators in the PL design process and within the course itself. We believe that educators’ experiences, priorities, and expertise are essential to developing professional learning that meets the needs of teachers and their students. We have a particular interest in amplifying the voices of those in historically underrepresented communities. Toward that end, we engaged science educators who work with Indigenous students and recent immigrants as collaborators in developing PL to support data-rich, place-based Earth Science instruction. In this case study, we share and critique the practices and tools that we have employed to center educator voices, rather than those of the PL designers and researchers. Our strategies for developing more equitable science professional learning include the use of: (a) equity-focused research methods, such as asset-based needs-sensing questions and peer-to-peer interviews; (b) a humanistic stance toward data-rich science learning, which emphasizes the typically unnamed sociocultural inputs and outputs that permeate all aspects of data; (c) a participatory design process that centers educator voices; and (d) a model of professional learning that uses representations of educator and student experiences as objects for reflection. Full article
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27 pages, 2480 KiB  
Review
Current Status and Future Perspectives of Optic Nerve Imaging in Glaucoma
by Claudia Lommatzsch and Christian van Oterendorp
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(7), 1966; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13071966 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Being the primary site of degeneration, the optic nerve has always been the focus of structural glaucoma assessment. The technical advancements, mainly of optical coherence tomography (OCT), now allow for a very precise quantification of the optic nerve head and peripapillary retina morphology. [...] Read more.
Being the primary site of degeneration, the optic nerve has always been the focus of structural glaucoma assessment. The technical advancements, mainly of optical coherence tomography (OCT), now allow for a very precise quantification of the optic nerve head and peripapillary retina morphology. By far the most commonly used structural optic nerve parameter is the thickness of the parapapillary retinal nerve fiber, which has great clinical utility but also suffers from significant limitations, mainly in advanced glaucoma. Emerging novel imaging technologies, such as OCT angiography, polarization-sensitive or visible-light OCT and adaptive optics, offer new biomarkers that have the potential to significantly improve structural glaucoma diagnostics. Another great potential lies in the processing of the data already available. Artificial intelligence does not only help increase the reliability of current biomarkers but can also integrate data from various imaging modalities and other clinical measures to increase diagnostic accuracy. And it can, in a more efficient way, draw information from available datasets, such as an OCT scan, compared to the current concept of biomarkers, which only use a fraction of the whole dataset. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ophthalmic Imaging)
14 pages, 268 KiB  
Article
Weak Sharp Type Solutions for Some Variational Integral Inequalities
by Savin Trean?? and Tareq Saeed
Axioms 2024, 13(4), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms13040225 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Weak sharp type solutions are analyzed for a variational integral inequality defined by a convex functional of the multiple integral type. A connection with the sufficiency property associated with the minimum principle is formulated, as well. Also, an illustrative numerical application is provided. [...] Read more.
Weak sharp type solutions are analyzed for a variational integral inequality defined by a convex functional of the multiple integral type. A connection with the sufficiency property associated with the minimum principle is formulated, as well. Also, an illustrative numerical application is provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theory and Application of Integral Inequalities)
12 pages, 5749 KiB  
Article
GPS-Induced Disparity Correction for Accurate Object Placement in Augmented Reality
by Sungkwan Youm, Nyum Jung and Sunghyun Go
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2849; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072849 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The use of augmented reality (AR) continues to increase, particularly in marketing and advertising, where virtual objects are showcased in the AR world, thereby expanding its various applications. In this paper, a method of linking coordinate systems to connect the metaverse with the [...] Read more.
The use of augmented reality (AR) continues to increase, particularly in marketing and advertising, where virtual objects are showcased in the AR world, thereby expanding its various applications. In this paper, a method of linking coordinate systems to connect the metaverse with the real world is proposed and a system for correcting and displaying virtual objects in the AR environment is implemented. The proposed method calculates errors to accurately represent virtual objects in AR and presents a method to show these objects without errors. The proposed method was verified through experiments to successfully display virtual objects in AR. To minimize localization errors, semantic segmentation was used to recognize objects and estimate buildings, thereby correcting the device location. An error correction expression is also presented. The proposed system is designed to correct and display virtual objects in AR, with confirmed functionality for location correction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue User Experience in Virtual Environments)
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23 pages, 8705 KiB  
Article
Co-Treatment with Phlorotannin and Extracellular Vesicles from Ecklonia cava Inhibits UV-Induced Melanogenesis
by Kyung-A Byun, Youngjin Park, Seyeon Oh, Sosorburam Batsukh, Kuk Hui Son and Kyunghee Byun
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040408 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation due to ultraviolet (UV)-induced melanogenesis causes various esthetic problems. Phlorotannin (PT) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from various plants suppress melanogenesis pathways. We used UV-exposed keratinocytes and animal skin to determine if co-treatment with PT and EVs from Ecklonia cava (EVE) could [...] Read more.
Hyperpigmentation due to ultraviolet (UV)-induced melanogenesis causes various esthetic problems. Phlorotannin (PT) and extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from various plants suppress melanogenesis pathways. We used UV-exposed keratinocytes and animal skin to determine if co-treatment with PT and EVs from Ecklonia cava (EVE) could inhibit melanogenesis by reducing UV-induced oxidative stress and the expression of the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP)/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing the 3 (NLRP3)/interleukin-18 (IL-18) pathway, which are upstream signals of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. UV exposure increased oxidative stress in keratinocytes and animal skin, as evaluated by 8-OHdG expression, and this effect was reduced by co-treatment with PT and EVE. UV also increased binding between NLRP3 and TXNIP, which increased NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-18 secretion, and this effect was reduced by co-treatment with PT and EVE in keratinocytes and animal skin. In melanocytes, conditioned media (CM) from UV-exposed keratinocytes increased the expression of melanogenesis-related pathways; however, these effects were reduced with CM from UV-exposed keratinocytes treated with PT and EVE. Similarly, PT and EVE treatment reduced melanogenesis-related signals, melanin content, and increased basement membrane (BM) components in UV-exposed animal skin. Thus, co-treatment with PT and EVE reduced melanogenesis and restored the BM structure by reducing oxidative stress and TXNIP/NLRP3/IL-18 pathway expression. Full article
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14 pages, 3691 KiB  
Article
Multiphotonic Ablation and Electro-Capacitive Effects Exhibited by Candida albicans Biofilms
by Jose Alberto Arano-Martinez, José Alejandro Hernández-Benítez, Hilario Martines-Arano, Aída Verónica Rodríguez-Tovar, Martin Trejo-Valdez, Blanca Estela García-Pérez and Carlos Torres-Torres
Bioengineering 2024, 11(4), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11040333 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
This work reports the modification in the homogeneity of ablation effects with the assistance of nonlinear optical phenomena exhibited by C. albicans ATCC 10231, forming a biofilm. Equivalent optical energies with different levels of intensity were irradiated in comparative samples, and significant changes [...] Read more.
This work reports the modification in the homogeneity of ablation effects with the assistance of nonlinear optical phenomena exhibited by C. albicans ATCC 10231, forming a biofilm. Equivalent optical energies with different levels of intensity were irradiated in comparative samples, and significant changes were observed. Nanosecond pulses provided by an Nd:YAG laser system at a 532 nm wavelength in a single-beam experiment were employed to explore the photodamage and the nonlinear optical transmittance. A nonlinear optical absorption coefficient −2 × 10−6 cm/W was measured in the samples studied. It is reported that multiphotonic interactions can promote more symmetric optical damage derived by faster changes in the evolution of fractional photoenergy transference. The electrochemical response of the sample was studied to further investigate the electronic dynamics dependent on electrical frequency, and an electro-capacitive behavior in the sample was identified. Fractional differential calculations were proposed to describe the thermal transport induced by nanosecond pulses in the fungi media. These results highlight the nonlinear optical effects to be considered as a base for developing photothermally activated phototechnology and high-precision photodamage in biological systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Thermal Therapy)
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16 pages, 4709 KiB  
Article
Impact of Molecular Weight Variations in Dendrobium officinale Polysaccharides on Antioxidant Activity and Anti-Obesity in Caenorhabditis elegans
by Xiao Pang, Heqin Wang, Chunbo Guan, Qiufeng Chen, Xinwen Cui and Xiuqing Zhang
Foods 2024, 13(7), 1040; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13071040 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
This research investigates the impact of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides (DOP) with different molecular weights on antioxidant effects, lifespan enhancement, and obesity reduction, utilizing both in vitro analyses and the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model. Through a series of experiments—ranging from the [...] Read more.
This research investigates the impact of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides (DOP) with different molecular weights on antioxidant effects, lifespan enhancement, and obesity reduction, utilizing both in vitro analyses and the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model. Through a series of experiments—ranging from the extraction and modification of polysaccharides, Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), and analysis of composition to the evaluation of antioxidant capabilities, this study thoroughly examines DOP and its derivatives (DOP5, DOP15, DOP25) produced via H2O2-Fe2+ degradation. The results reveal a direct relationship between the molecular weight of polysaccharides and their bioactivity. Notably, DOP5, with its intermediate molecular weight, demonstrated superior antioxidant properties, significantly extended the lifespan, and improved the health of C. elegans. Furthermore, DOP15 appeared to regulate lipid metabolism by affecting crucial lipid metabolism genes, including fat-4, fat-5, fat-6, sbp-1, and acs-2. These findings highlight the potential application of DOP derivatives as natural antioxidants and agents against obesity, contributing to the development of functional foods and dietary supplements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Biological Activities of Functional Food—Second Edition)
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22 pages, 539 KiB  
Systematic Review
Natural Environments in University Campuses and Students’ Well-Being
by Helena Ribeiro, Keila Valente de Souza Santana and Sofia Lizarralde Oliver
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(4), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21040413 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Most recent university campuses follow the North American model, built on city limits or countryside, with large separate buildings in open green spaces. Studies suggest that the prevalence and severity of mental health issues among university students has been increasing over the past [...] Read more.
Most recent university campuses follow the North American model, built on city limits or countryside, with large separate buildings in open green spaces. Studies suggest that the prevalence and severity of mental health issues among university students has been increasing over the past decade in most countries. University services were created to face this growing problem, however individual-based interventions have limited effects on mental health and well-being of a large population. Our aim was to verify if and how the natural environment in campuses is focused on programs to cope with the issue of mental health and well-being among students. A systematic review of literature was undertaken with search in Scopus and LILACS with the keywords “green areas” AND “well-being” AND “Campus”, following PRISMA guidelines. As a result, 32 articles were selected. Research on the topic is recent, mostly in the USA, Bulgaria, and China. Most studies used objective information on campuses’ greenness and/or university students’ perception. Mental health was usually measured by validated scores. Findings of all the studies indicated positive association between campus greenery and well-being of students. We conclude that there is a large potential for use of university campuses in programs and as sites for students’ restoration and stress relief. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Natural Environments on Human Well-Being)
18 pages, 1259 KiB  
Article
Neurophysiological and Autonomic Correlates of Metacognitive Control of and Resistance to Distractors in Ecological Setting: A Pilot Study
by Michela Balconi, Carlotta Acconito, Roberta A. Allegretta and Laura Angioletti
Sensors 2024, 24(7), 2171; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072171 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
In organisational contexts, professionals are required to decide dynamically and prioritise unexpected external inputs deriving from multiple sources. In the present study, we applied a multimethodological neuroscientific approach to investigate the ability to resist and control ecological distractors during decision-making and to explore [...] Read more.
In organisational contexts, professionals are required to decide dynamically and prioritise unexpected external inputs deriving from multiple sources. In the present study, we applied a multimethodological neuroscientific approach to investigate the ability to resist and control ecological distractors during decision-making and to explore whether a specific behavioural, neurophysiological (i.e., delta, theta, alpha and beta EEG band), or autonomic (i.e., heart rate—HR, and skin conductance response—SCR) pattern is correlated with specific personality profiles, collected with the 10-item Big Five Inventory. Twenty-four participants performed a novel Resistance to Ecological Distractors (RED) task aimed at exploring the ability to resist and control distractors and the level of coherence and awareness of behaviour (metacognition ability), while neurophysiological and autonomic measures were collected. The behavioural results highlighted that effectiveness in performance did not require self-control and metacognition behaviour and that being proficient in metacognition can have an impact on performance. Moreover, it was shown that the ability to resist ecological distractors is related to a specific autonomic profile (HR and SCR decrease) and that the neurophysiological and autonomic activations during task execution correlate with specific personality profiles. The agreeableness profile was negatively correlated with the EEG theta band and positively with the EEG beta band, the conscientiousness profile was negatively correlated with the EEG alpha band, and the extroversion profile was positively correlated with the EEG beta band. Taken together, these findings describe and disentangle the hidden relationship that lies beneath individuals’ decision to inhibit or activate intentionally a specific behaviour, such as responding, or not, to an external stimulus, in ecological conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances on EEG-Based Sensing and Imaging: 2nd Edition)
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22 pages, 3341 KiB  
Article
Understanding the Interaction of Thermal, Rheological, and Mechanical Parameters Critical for the Processability of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Systems during Hot Melt Extrusion
by Florian Hess, Thomas Kipping, Werner Weitschies and Julius Krause
Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(4), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16040472 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Hot melt extrusion (HME) is a common manufacturing process used in the pharmaceutical industry to improve the solubility of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). The goal is to create an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) where the amorphous form of the API is [...] Read more.
Hot melt extrusion (HME) is a common manufacturing process used in the pharmaceutical industry to improve the solubility of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). The goal is to create an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) where the amorphous form of the API is stabilized within a polymer matrix. Traditionally, the development of pharmaceutically approved polymers has focused on requirements such as thermal properties, solubility, drug–polymer interactions, and biocompatibility. The mechanical properties of the material have often been neglected in the design of new polymers. However, new downstream methods require more flexible polymers or suitable plasticizer polymer combinations. In this study, two grades of the polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which is already established for HME, are investigated in terms of their mechanical, rheological, and thermal properties. The mechanical properties of the extruded filaments were tested by the three-point bending test. The rheological behavior was analyzed by oscillating plate measurements. Thermal analysis was performed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In addition, the solid and liquid plasticizers mannitol, sorbitol, triacetin, triethyl citrate, polyethylene glycol, and glycerol were evaluated for use with PVA and their impact on the polymer properties was elaborated. Finally, the effects of the plasticizers are compared to each other, and the correlations are analyzed statistically using principal component analysis (PCA). Thereby, a clear ranking of the plasticizer effects was established, and a deeper understanding of the polymer–plasticizer interactions was created. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Raw Material Properties on Solid Dosage Form Processes)
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18 pages, 5084 KiB  
Article
Automatic Identification of Pangolin Behavior Using Deep Learning Based on Temporal Relative Attention Mechanism
by Kai Wang, Pengfei Hou, Xuelin Xu, Yun Gao, Ming Chen, Binghua Lai, Fuyu An, Zhenyu Ren, Yongzheng Li, Guifeng Jia and Yan Hua
Animals 2024, 14(7), 1032; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14071032 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
With declining populations in the wild, captive rescue and breeding have become one of the most important ways to protect pangolins from extinction. At present, the success rate of artificial breeding is low, due to the insufficient understanding of the breeding behavior characteristics [...] Read more.
With declining populations in the wild, captive rescue and breeding have become one of the most important ways to protect pangolins from extinction. At present, the success rate of artificial breeding is low, due to the insufficient understanding of the breeding behavior characteristics of pangolins. The automatic recognition method based on machine vision not only monitors for 24 h but also reduces the stress response of pangolins. This paper aimed to establish a temporal relation and attention mechanism network (Pangolin breeding attention and transfer network, PBATn) to monitor and recognize pangolin behaviors, including breeding and daily behavior. There were 11,476 videos including breeding behavior and daily behavior that were divided into training, validation, and test sets. For the training set and validation set, the PBATn network model had an accuracy of 98.95% and 96.11%, and a loss function value of 0.1531 and 0.1852. The model is suitable for a 2.40 m × 2.20 m (length × width) pangolin cage area, with a nest box measuring 40 cm × 30 cm × 30 cm (length × width × height) positioned either on the left or right side inside the cage. A spherical night-vision monitoring camera was installed on the cage wall at a height of 2.50 m above the ground. For the test set, the mean Average Precision (mAP), average accuracy, average recall, average specificity, and average F1 score were found to be higher than SlowFast, X3D, TANet, TSN, etc., with values of 97.50%, 99.17%, 97.55%, 99.53%, and 97.48%, respectively. The recognition accuracies of PBATn were 94.00% and 98.50% for the chasing and mounting breeding behaviors, respectively. The results showed that PBATn outperformed the baseline methods in all aspects. This study shows that the deep learning system can accurately observe pangolin breeding behavior and it will be useful for analyzing the behavior of these animals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wildlife)
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26 pages, 4806 KiB  
Article
Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Response to Short-Term Drought Stress in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
by Xiaoyi Fu, Zhilian Liu, Xiong Du, Huijun Duan, Wenchao Zhen, Yuechen Zhang, Zhanliang Shi, Mingqi He and Ruiqi Li
Agronomy 2024, 14(4), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14040704 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Drought stress, a major abiotic stress, significantly affects wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production globally. To identify genes and metabolic pathways crucial for responding to short-term drought stress, we conducted transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of winter wheat cultivar Jimai 418 at four developmental [...] Read more.
Drought stress, a major abiotic stress, significantly affects wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production globally. To identify genes and metabolic pathways crucial for responding to short-term drought stress, we conducted transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of winter wheat cultivar Jimai 418 at four developmental stages: jointing (GS31), booting (GS45), anthesis (GS65), and 8 days after anthesis (DAA8). Transcriptomic analysis identified 14,232 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under drought stress compared to the control. Specifically, 1387, 4573, 7380, and 892 DEGs were identified at the four developmental stages, respectively. Enriched pathways associated with these DEGs included plant hormone signal transduction, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, galactose metabolism, and starch and sucrose metabolism. Totals of 222, 633, 358, and 38 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified at the four stages, respectively. Correlation analysis of both datasets revealed DEGs and DAMs associated with plant hormone signal transduction, arginine and proline metabolism, ABC transporters, and amino acid biosynthesis. These findings offer significant insights into Jimai 418’s molecular response to short-term drought stress. The identified DEGs, DAMs, and enriched pathways contribute to our understanding of wheat drought tolerance. This research will facilitate further investigations into drought tolerance mechanisms and guide the breeding of wheat varieties with enhanced drought resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Crop Breeding and Genetics)
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13 pages, 3610 KiB  
Article
The Optimization of the Steam-Heat-Treated Process of Rattan (Calamus simplicifolius) Based on the Response Surface Analysis and Its Chemical Changes
by Minmin Xu, Zhihui Wang, Zhenrui Li, Zhenbing Sun, Lili Shang, Genlin Tian, Jianfeng Ma and Xing’e Liu
Forests 2024, 15(4), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15040615 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the impacts of steam heat treatment parameters (e.g., temperature, time, and pressure) on the impact toughness of rattan (Calamus simplicifolius). The Box–Behnken design response surface analysis was employed to optimize the steam heat [...] Read more.
The objective of this study is to investigate the impacts of steam heat treatment parameters (e.g., temperature, time, and pressure) on the impact toughness of rattan (Calamus simplicifolius). The Box–Behnken design response surface analysis was employed to optimize the steam heat treatment parameters. Impact toughness was selected as the evaluation index, with single-factor tests conducted as a baseline for comparison. Changes in chemical composition, cellulose crystallinity, and pyrolysis properties were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, Thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR) spectra, and wet-chemistry methods for both untreated control samples and the heat-treated samples. The results show that a 1 h steam heat treatment at 160 °C under 0.1 MPa pressure has the optimal process parameters for the rattan. The achieved impact toughness value closely matches the predicted value at 71.29 kJ/m2. After the steam heat treatment, hemicellulose and cellulose contents decrease, whereas relative lignin content increases significantly, leading to improved toughness characteristics in Calamus simplicifolius samples. The TG results indicate that maximum weight loss occurs at temperatures of 352 °C, 354 °C, and 361 °C, respectively, for three different samples. This suggests that the thermal stability is enhanced as a result of the heat treatment. These findings will help optimize the heat treatments of the rattan material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wood Science and Forest Products)
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45 pages, 25052 KiB  
Article
Micro-Satellite Systems Design, Integration, and Flight
by Philip Naumann and Timothy Sands
Micromachines 2024, 15(4), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15040455 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Within the past decade, the aerospace engineering industry has evolved beyond the constraints of using single, large, custom satellites. Due to the increased reliability and robustness of commercial, off-the-shelf printed circuit board components, missions have instead transitioned towards deploying swarms of smaller satellites. [...] Read more.
Within the past decade, the aerospace engineering industry has evolved beyond the constraints of using single, large, custom satellites. Due to the increased reliability and robustness of commercial, off-the-shelf printed circuit board components, missions have instead transitioned towards deploying swarms of smaller satellites. Such an approach significantly decreases the mission cost by reducing custom engineering and deployment expenses. Nanosatellites can be quickly developed with a more modular design at lower risk. The Alpha mission at the Cornell University Space Systems Studio is fabricated in this manner. However, for the purpose of development, the initial proof of concept included a two-satellite system. The manuscript will discuss system engineering approaches used to model and mature the design of the pilot satellite. The two systems that will be primarily focused on are the attitude control system of the carrier nanosatellite and the radio frequency communications on the excreted femto-satellites. Milestones achieved include ChipSat to ChipSat communication, ChipSat to ground station communication, packet creation, error correction, appending a preamble, and filtering the signal. Other achievements include controller traceability/verification and validation, software rigidity tests, hardware endurance testing, Kane damper, and inertial measurement unit tuning. These developments matured the technological readiness level (TRL) of systems in preparation for satellite deployment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 础:笔丑测蝉颈肠蝉)
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