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18 pages, 295 KiB  
Article
Boyer–Lindquist Space-Times and Beyond: Metamaterial Analogues for ArbitrarySpace-Times
by Sebastian Schuster and Matt Visser
Universe 2024, 10(4), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10040159 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Analogue space-times (and in particular metamaterial analogue space-times) have a long varied and rather complex history. Much of the previous related work to this field has focused on spherically symmetric models; however, axial symmetry is much more relevant for mimicking astrophysically interesting systems [...] Read more.
Analogue space-times (and in particular metamaterial analogue space-times) have a long varied and rather complex history. Much of the previous related work to this field has focused on spherically symmetric models; however, axial symmetry is much more relevant for mimicking astrophysically interesting systems that are typically subject to rotation. Now it is well known that physically reasonable stationary axisymmetric space-times can, under very mild technical conditions, be put into Boyer–Lindquist form. Unfortunately, a metric presented in Boyer–Lindquist form is not well adapted to the “quasi-Cartesian” metamaterial analysis that we developed in our previous articles on “bespoke analogue space-times”. In the current article, we shall first focus specifically on various space-time metrics presented in Boyer–Lindquist form, and subsequently determine a suitable set of equivalent metamaterial susceptibility tensors in a laboratory setting. We shall then turn to analyzing generic space-times, not even necessarily stationary, again determining a suitable set of equivalent metamaterial susceptibility tensors. Perhaps surprisingly, we find that the well-known ADM formalism proves to be not particularly useful, and that it is instead the dual “threaded” (Kaluza–Klein–inspired) formalism that provides much more tractable results. While the background laboratory metric is (for mathematical simplicity and physical plausibility) always taken to be Riemann flat, we will allow for arbitrary curvilinear coordinate systems on the flat background space-time. Finally, for completeness, we shall reconsider spherically symmetric space-times, but now in general spherical polar coordinates rather than quasi-Cartesian coordinates. In summary, this article provides a set of general-purpose calculational tools that can readily be adapted for mimicking various interesting (curved) space-times by using nontrivial susceptibility tensors in general (background-flat) laboratory settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analogue Gravity)
20 pages, 578 KiB  
Article
Protein Hydrolysis as a Way to Valorise Squid-Processing Byproducts: Obtaining and Identification of ACE, DPP-IV and PEP Inhibitory Peptides
by Hajer Bougatef, Assaad Sila, Ali Bougatef and Oscar Martínez-Alvarez
Mar. Drugs 2024, 22(4), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/md22040156 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The industrial processing of Argentine shortfin squid to obtain rings generates a significant amount of protein-rich waste, including the skin, which is rich in collagen and attached myofibrillar proteins. This waste is generally discarded. In this study, skin was used as a source [...] Read more.
The industrial processing of Argentine shortfin squid to obtain rings generates a significant amount of protein-rich waste, including the skin, which is rich in collagen and attached myofibrillar proteins. This waste is generally discarded. In this study, skin was used as a source of proteins that were hydrolysed using Trypsin, Esperase® or Alcalase®, which released peptides with antioxidant potential and, in particular, antihypertensive (ACE inhibition), hypoglycemic (DPP-IV inhibition) and/or nootropic (PEP inhibition) potential. Among the three enzymes tested, Esperase® and Alcalase produced hydrolysates with potent ACE-, DPP-IV- and PEP-inhibiting properties. These hydrolysates underwent chromatography fractionation, and the composition of the most bioactive fractions was analysed using HPLC-MS-MS. The fractions with the highest bioactivity exhibited very low IC50 values (16 and 66 µg/mL for ACE inhibition, 97 µg/mL for DPP-IV inhibition and 55 µg/mL for PEP inhibition) and were mainly derived from the hydrolysate obtained using Esperase®. The presence of Leu at the C-terminal appeared to be crucial for the ACE inhibitory activity of these fractions. The DPP-IV inhibitory activity of peptides seemed to be determined by the presence of Pro or Ala in the second position from the N-terminus, and Gly and/or Pro in the last C-terminal positions. Similarly, the presence of Pro in the peptides present in the best PEP inhibitory fraction seemed to be important in the inhibitory effect. These results demonstrate that the skin of the Argentine shortfin squid is a valuable source of bioactive peptides, suitable for incorporation into human nutrition as nutraceuticals and food supplements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fishery Discards, Processing Waste and Marine By-Products)
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10 pages, 3639 KiB  
Article
Singleton {NOT} and Doubleton {YES; NOT} Gates Act as Functionally Complete Sets in DNA-Integrated Computational Circuits
by Andrea C. Bardales, Quynh Vo and Dmitry M. Kolpashchikov
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(7), 600; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14070600 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
A functionally complete Boolean operator is sufficient for computational circuits of arbitrary complexity. We connected YES (buffer) with NOT (inverter) and two NOT four-way junction (4J) DNA gates to obtain IMPLY and NAND Boolean functions, respectively, each of which represents a functionally complete [...] Read more.
A functionally complete Boolean operator is sufficient for computational circuits of arbitrary complexity. We connected YES (buffer) with NOT (inverter) and two NOT four-way junction (4J) DNA gates to obtain IMPLY and NAND Boolean functions, respectively, each of which represents a functionally complete gate. The results show a technological path towards creating a DNA computational circuit of arbitrary complexity based on singleton NOT or a combination of NOT and YES gates, which is not possible in electronic computers. We, therefore, concluded that DNA-based circuits and molecular computation may offer opportunities unforeseen in electronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
22 pages, 9418 KiB  
Article
A Polyvinylpyrrolidone Nanofibrous Sensor Doubly Decorated with Mesoporous Graphene to Selectively Detect Acetic Acid Vapors
by Paolo Papa, Emiliano Zampetti, Fabricio Nicolas Molinari, Fabrizio De Cesare, Corrado Di Natale, Giovanna Tranfo and Antonella Macagnano
Sensors 2024, 24(7), 2174; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072174 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
An original approach has been proposed for designing a nanofibrous (NF) layer using UV-cured polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a matrix, incorporating mesoporous graphene carbon (MGC) nanopowder both inside and outside the fibers, creating a sandwich-like structure. This architecture is intended to selectively adsorb and [...] Read more.
An original approach has been proposed for designing a nanofibrous (NF) layer using UV-cured polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a matrix, incorporating mesoporous graphene carbon (MGC) nanopowder both inside and outside the fibers, creating a sandwich-like structure. This architecture is intended to selectively adsorb and detect acetic acid vapors, which are known to cause health issues in exposed workers. The nanocomposite MGC-PVP-NFs layer was fabricated through electrospinning deposition onto interdigitated microelectrodes (IDEs) and stabilized under UV–light irradiation. To enhance the adhesion of MGC onto the surface of the nanocomposite polymeric fibers, the layer was dipped in a suspension of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and MGC. The resulting structure demonstrated promising electrical and sensing properties, including rapid responses, high sensitivity, good linearity, reversibility, repeatability, and selectivity towards acetic acid vapors. Initial testing was conducted in a laboratory using a bench electrometer, followed by validation in a portable sensing device based on consumer electronic components (by ARDUINO®). This portable system was designed to provide a compact, cost-effective solution with high sensing capabilities. Under room temperature and ambient air conditions, both laboratory and portable tests exhibited favorable linear responses, with detection limits of 0.16 and 1 ppm, respectively. Full article
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23 pages, 1015 KiB  
Article
Cultivating Sustainable Construction: Stakeholder Insights Driving Circular Economy Innovation for Inclusive Resource Equity
by Ferhat Karaca, Aidana Tleuken, Rocío Pineda-Martos, Sara Ros Cardoso, Daniil Orel, Rand Askar, Akmaral Agibayeva, Elena Goicolea Güemez, Adriana Salles, Huseyin Atakan Varol and Luis Braganca
Buildings 2024, 14(4), 935; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14040935 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Due to its intricate production processes, complex supply chains, and industry-specific characteristics, the construction industry faces unique challenges in adopting circular economy (CE) principles that promote resource equity. To address this issue, this study aims to delve into identifying stakeholders’ opinions and perceptions [...] Read more.
Due to its intricate production processes, complex supply chains, and industry-specific characteristics, the construction industry faces unique challenges in adopting circular economy (CE) principles that promote resource equity. To address this issue, this study aims to delve into identifying stakeholders’ opinions and perceptions regarding key CE strategies across different stages of the building life cycle (BLC). Both European and non-European stakeholders within the “CircularB” COST Action network and beyond participated in this research. Three methods were employed to assess stakeholders’ opinions: an online survey, a structured survey with a semi-guided workshop, and creative thinking round table discussions. Natural language processing (NLP), specifically topic modelling and sentiment analysis, was used to analyse the data collected from the online survey, which gathered text-based opinions from 209 participants on the cost-benefit aspects of circularity strategies. The structured survey, which collected data from 43 workshop participants, evaluated the perceived importance of CE strategies across various BLC phases and assessed the adoption of selected CE strategies in current or past projects. Finally, the Six Thinking Hats® activity, employed in the round table discussions, generated ideas from 25 professionals regarding the broader implementation challenges and opportunities of CE in construction. The research findings highlight the need to bridge the gap between theory and practice by fostering active industry stakeholder involvement in the transition to a CE model. The analyses of the collected stakeholder opinions through the three activities contribute to proactive and collaborative efforts aimed at advancing resource equity in the construction sector and promoting just and inclusive resource use. In summary, this research offers a comprehensive understanding of stakeholders’ opinions on CE strategies and provides guidance for the development of targeted policies and strategies to accelerate the integration of CE principles in the construction industry. Full article
16 pages, 747 KiB  
Article
Deceased Kidney Donor Biomarkers: Relationship between Delayed Kidney Function and Graft Function Three Years after Transplantation
by Rima Maslauskiene, Ruta Vaiciuniene, Peteris Tretjakovs, Gita Gersone, Aurelija Radzeviciene, Andrejus Bura, Edgaras Stankevicius and Inga Arune Bumblyte
Diagnostics 2024, 14(7), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14070717 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
With an increasing number of marginal donors, additional methods for the evaluation of cadaveric kidney quality are required. This study aimed to evaluate pretransplant deceased donor serum (s) and urine (u) biomarkers, including neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), interleukin-18, and [...] Read more.
With an increasing number of marginal donors, additional methods for the evaluation of cadaveric kidney quality are required. This study aimed to evaluate pretransplant deceased donor serum (s) and urine (u) biomarkers, including neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), interleukin-18, and C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) for predicting early and late graft function. In total, 43 deceased kidney donors and 76 corresponding recipients were enrolled. Delayed graft function (DGF) occurred in 27.6% of cases. sIL-18, sKIM-1, uNGAL, and uKIM-1 were predictors of DGF. A model incorporating sIL-18, uKIM-1, and clinical factors was developed to predict DGF (AUROC 0.863). Univariate analysis showed a negative association between uKIM and graft eGFR at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months, but this was not confirmed in the multivariate analysis. In conclusion, we report a superior performance of donor biomarkers for predicting DGF and later graft function over serum creatinine. Higher levels of donor sIL-18 and uKIM in conjunction with expanded-criteria donors and longer cold ischemia times predicted DGF. With no renal tubular damage in zero-time donor biopsies, higher pretransplant urine and serum NGAL levels were associated with better allograft function one year after transplantation, and sNGAL with graft function three years after transplantation. Full article
26 pages, 882 KiB  
Article
A Risk-Structured Model for the Transmission Dynamics of Anthrax Disease
by Kazeem Babatunde Akande, Samuel Tosin Akinyemi, Nneka O. Iheonu, Alogla Monday Audu, Folashade Mistura Jimoh, Atede Anne Ojoma, Victoria Iyabode Okeowo, Abdulrahaman Lawal Suleiman and Kayode Oshinubi
Mathematics 2024, 12(7), 1014; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12071014 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Anthrax, a zoonotic disease with serious public health consequences, has been the subject of rigorous mathematical and statistical modeling to better understand its dynamics and to devise effective control techniques. In this study, we propose a novel mathematical risk-structured model for anthrax disease [...] Read more.
Anthrax, a zoonotic disease with serious public health consequences, has been the subject of rigorous mathematical and statistical modeling to better understand its dynamics and to devise effective control techniques. In this study, we propose a novel mathematical risk-structured model for anthrax disease spread that includes both qualitative and quantitative evaluations. Our research focuses on the complex interplay between host–anthrax interactions and zoonotic transmission. Our mathematical approach incorporates bifurcation analysis and stability considerations. We investigate the dynamic behavior of the proposed model under various settings, shedding light on the important parameters that determine anthrax transmission and persistence. The normalized forward sensitivity analysis method is used to determine the parameters that are relevant to reducing Rc and, by extension, disease spread. Through scenario simulation of our model, we identify intervention techniques, such as enlightenment of the populace, that will effectively minimize disease transmission. Our findings provide insights into anthrax epidemiology and emphasize the importance of effective disease management. Bifurcation investigations reveal the existence and stability of numerous equilibria, allowing for a better understanding of the behavior of the system under various scenarios. This study adds to the field of anthrax modeling by providing a foundation for informed decision-making regarding public health measures. The use of a mathematical modeling approach improves our ability to anticipate and control anthrax epidemics, ultimately helping to protect both human and animal populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Methods and Models in Epidemiology)
19 pages, 5000 KiB  
Article
Complex Interplay of Metabolic Pathways in Grafting of Ziziphus Species: Transcriptomic Insights into Regulatory Networks of Carbohydrates and Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis
by Saiyang Zhang, Song Sheng, Jiqing Peng, Zhiming Liu, Fengxia Shao and Sen Wang
Forests 2024, 15(4), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15040618 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Grafting serves as a pervasive methodology in the propagation of jujube plants, yet the nuanced molecular mechanisms that dictate rootstock‒scion interactions remain inadequately understood. We examined the transcriptomic landscapes of jujube heterograft combinations. Contrary to self-grafting conditions, early-stage heterografting yielded no discernible advantageous [...] Read more.
Grafting serves as a pervasive methodology in the propagation of jujube plants, yet the nuanced molecular mechanisms that dictate rootstock‒scion interactions remain inadequately understood. We examined the transcriptomic landscapes of jujube heterograft combinations. Contrary to self-grafting conditions, early-stage heterografting yielded no discernible advantageous effects on scion biomass accretion. Interestingly, the rootstock’s biomass was significantly impacted by the scion, varying by species. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across graft combinations were mainly enriched for the vegetative growth of rootstocks, secondary metabolism, and resistance improvement of scions. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified 27 hub genes which were negatively correlated with plant growth and biomass enlargement, serving as negative regulators, while the genes, L484_001734, ATHB-15, and BPC1, were involved in positive regulation. With biomass measurements, the transcriptomic data supported that an incomplete vascular recovery during early grafting led to nutrient accumulation at the graft junction, temporarily limiting plant growth while providing development resources for callus. In summary, our work has demonstrated that the intricate biological connections between the rootstock and scion guarantee the effective jujube grafting process by elucidating the molecular processes involved in the process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Genetics and Molecular Biology)
12 pages, 5101 KiB  
Article
Piezoceramics Actuator with Attached Mass for Active Vibration Diagnostics of Reinforced Concrete Structures
by Igor Shardakov, Aleksey Shestakov, Irina Glot, Georgii Gusev, Valery Epin and Roman Tsvetkov
Sensors 2024, 24(7), 2181; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072181 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
One of the effective methods of non-destructive testing of structures is active vibration diagnostics. This approach consists of the local dynamic impact of the actuator on the structure and the registration of the vibration response. Testing of massive reinforced concrete structures is carried [...] Read more.
One of the effective methods of non-destructive testing of structures is active vibration diagnostics. This approach consists of the local dynamic impact of the actuator on the structure and the registration of the vibration response. Testing of massive reinforced concrete structures is carried out with the use of actuators, which are able to create sufficiently high-impact loads. The actuators, which are based on piezoelectric elements, cannot provide a sufficient level of force and the areas where it is possible to register the vibrations excited by such actuators are quite small. In this paper, we propose a variant of a piezoactuator with attached mass, which ensures an increase in the level of dynamic impact on the structure. The effectiveness of this version is verified by numerical modeling of the dynamic interaction of the actuator with a concrete slab. The simulation was carried out within the framework of the theory of elasticity and coupled electroelasticity. An algorithm for selecting the value of the attached mass is described. It is shown that when vibrations are excited in a massive concrete slab, an actuator with an attached mass of 1.3 kg provides a 10,000-fold increase in the force compared to an actuator without attached mass. In the pulse mode, a 100-fold increase in force is achieved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments and Applications of Advanced Sensors in Buildings)
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31 pages, 21025 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction Parameters for the Recovery of Phenolic Compounds in Brown Seaweed: Comparison with Conventional Techniques
by Zu Jia Lee, Cundong Xie, Xinyu Duan, Ken Ng and Hafiz A. R. Suleria
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040409 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Seaweed, in particular, brown seaweed, has gained research interest in the past few years due to its distinctive phenolic profile that has a multitude of bioactive properties. In order to obtain the maximum extraction efficiency of brown seaweed phenolic compounds, Response Surface Methodology [...] Read more.
Seaweed, in particular, brown seaweed, has gained research interest in the past few years due to its distinctive phenolic profile that has a multitude of bioactive properties. In order to obtain the maximum extraction efficiency of brown seaweed phenolic compounds, Response Surface Methodology was utilized to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions such as the amplitude, time, solvent:solid ratio, and NaOH concentration. Under optimal conditions, UAE had a higher extraction efficiency of free and bound phenolic compounds compared to conventional extraction (stirred 16 h at 4 °C). This led to higher antioxidant activity in the seaweed extract obtained under UAE conditions. The profiling of phenolic compounds using LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS identified a total of 25 phenolics with more phenolics extracted from the free phenolic extraction compared to the bound phenolic extracts. Among them, peonidin 3-O-diglucodise-5-O-glucoside and hesperidin 5,7-O-diglucuronide are unique compounds that were identified in P. comosa, E. radiata and D. potatorum, which are not reported in plants. Overall, our findings provided optimal phenolic extraction from brown seaweed for research into employing brown seaweed as a functional food. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Phytochemical Antioxidants in Food—2nd Edition)
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9 pages, 321 KiB  
Article
External Workload Evolution and Comparison across a Pre-Season in Belgian Professional Football Players: A Pilot Study
by Moisés Falces-Prieto, Luis Manuel Martínez-Aranda, Javier Iglesias-García, Samuel López-Mariscal and Javier Raya-González
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2861; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072861 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The pre-season plays a crucial role in the preparation of professional football players, as it allows for an extensive focus on training sessions compared to the more congested schedules during the in-season period, especially in professional football leagues. This study aimed to describe [...] Read more.
The pre-season plays a crucial role in the preparation of professional football players, as it allows for an extensive focus on training sessions compared to the more congested schedules during the in-season period, especially in professional football leagues. This study aimed to describe the workload during a 6-week pre-season in Belgian professional football players and to analyse and compare the workloads for players in each microcycle according to several variables of external workload (e.g., distance covered at some velocities). Seventeen male Belgian professional football players competing in the second division of the Belgian league system participated in the study. Throughout the 6 weeks, the players were closely monitored during both training sessions and friendly matches using Global Positioning System (GPS) devices. Several parameters, including total distance covered and distance at different velocities, were recorded. Accelerating and decelerating distances, as well as the number of sprints, were also captured. Statistical analysis was based on a repeated measures ANOVA, percentage dynamics, and effect size calculations. The results obtained showed a progressive increase in the distance travelled at different intensities from week 1 (i.e., lower values) to week 3 (i.e., higher values), with reductions in these values in week 6, prior to the start of the official competition. Similarly, the peak of accelerations and decelerations were observed in week 2 and week 3, with decrements at the end of the pre-season period. This comprehensive investigation attempts to shed light on the effects and dynamic changes in external workload during the crucial pre-season, contributing valuable insights for coaches and practitioners in football conditioning and training programs, especially concerning optimal preparation for the beginning of the league’s season. Full article
16 pages, 626 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Typical Behaviors of Mares in the Opening Phase of Parturition—Influence of Parity and Dystocia
by Hannah Lindinger and Axel Wehrend
Animals 2024, 14(7), 1036; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14071036 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The identification of typical behaviors in stage I of parturition, the opening phase, can be used to improve birth monitoring in the mare. Therefore, this study aimed to comprehensively analyze mare behavior during the opening phase. Real-time recordings of 66 births involving 56 [...] Read more.
The identification of typical behaviors in stage I of parturition, the opening phase, can be used to improve birth monitoring in the mare. Therefore, this study aimed to comprehensively analyze mare behavior during the opening phase. Real-time recordings of 66 births involving 56 warmblood mares were analyzed using camera footage. Behaviors such as increased locomotor activity, pawing with front hooves, lifting the tail, rolling, kicking with the hind legs toward the abdomen, and looking at the abdomen increased significantly (p < 0.001) in the four hours preceding parturition. Within the last hour of the observation period, a statistically significant change was observed for the duration of lying in the sternal and lateral position (p < 0.001). Significant correlations were observed between parity and the total number of repetitions of lying in the sternal position (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the birth process influenced the repetitions of lying in the lateral position (p < 0.05). These findings indicate distinct behavioral patterns during the opening phase of parturition, which were evident across the observed mares. Nonetheless, notable individual differences were also identified among the mares. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reproductive Management of Farm Animals)
14 pages, 956 KiB  
Article
Role of Recognition MicroRNAs in Hemaphysalis longicornis and Theileria orientalis Interactions
by Jin Luo, Shuaiyang Zhao, Qiaoyun Ren, Guiquan Guan, Jianxun Luo and Hong Yin
Pathogens 2024, 13(4), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13040288 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Ticks are an important type of pathogen transmission vector, and pathogens not only cause serious harm to livestock but can also infect humans. Because of the roles that ticks play in disease transmission, reducing tick pathogen infectivity has become increasingly important and requires [...] Read more.
Ticks are an important type of pathogen transmission vector, and pathogens not only cause serious harm to livestock but can also infect humans. Because of the roles that ticks play in disease transmission, reducing tick pathogen infectivity has become increasingly important and requires the identification and characterization of these pathogens and their interaction mechanisms. In this study, we determined the miRNA expression profile of Hemaphysalis longicornis infected with Theileria orientalis, predicted the target genes of miRNAs involved in this infection process, and investigated the role of miRNA target recognition during host–pathogen interactions. The results showed that longipain is a target gene of miR-5309, which was differentially expressed at different developmental stages and in various tissues in the control group. However, the miR-5309 level was reduced in the infection group. Analysis of the interaction between miRNA and the target gene showed that miR-5309 negatively regulated the expression of the longipain protein during the infection of H. longicornis with T. orientalis. To verify this inference, we compared longipain with the blocking agent orientalis. In this study, the expression of longipain was upregulated by the inhibition of miR-5309 in ticks, and the ability of the antibody produced by the tick-derived protein to attenuate T. orientalis infection was verified through animal immunity and antigen–antibody binding tests. The results showed that expression of the longipain + GST fusion protein caused the cattle to produce antibodies that could be successfully captured by ticks, and cellular immunity was subsequently activated in the ticks, resulting in a subtractive effect on T. orientalis infection. This research provides ideas for the control of ticks and tickborne diseases and a research basis for studying the mechanism underlying the interaction between ticks and pathogens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change and Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases)
24 pages, 5551 KiB  
Article
Obesogenic Diet in Mice Leads to Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in the Mother in Association with Sex-Specific Changes in Fetal Development, Inflammatory Markers and Placental Transcriptome
by Alejandro A. Candia, Samantha C. Lean, Cindy X. W. Zhang, Daniel R. McKeating, Anna Cochrane, Edina Gulacsi, Emilio A. Herrera, Bernardo J. Krause and Amanda N. Sferruzzi-Perri
Antioxidants 2024, 13(4), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13040411 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background: Obesity during pregnancy is related to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Factors involved in these outcomes may include increased maternal insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and nutrient mishandling. The placenta is the primary determinant of fetal outcomes, and its function can be [...] Read more.
Background: Obesity during pregnancy is related to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Factors involved in these outcomes may include increased maternal insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and nutrient mishandling. The placenta is the primary determinant of fetal outcomes, and its function can be impacted by maternal obesity. The aim of this study on mice was to determine the effect of obesity on maternal lipid handling, inflammatory and redox state, and placental oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling, and gene expression relative to female and male fetal growth. Methods: Female mice were fed control or obesogenic high-fat/high-sugar diet (HFHS) from 9 weeks prior to, and during, pregnancy. On day 18.5 of pregnancy, maternal plasma, and liver, placenta, and fetal serum were collected to examine the immune and redox states. The placental labyrinth zone (Lz) was dissected for RNA-sequencing analysis of gene expression changes. Results: the HFHS diet induced, in the dams, hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress (reduced catalase, elevated protein oxidation) and the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways (p38-MAPK), along with imbalanced circulating cytokine concentrations (increased IL-6 and decreased IL-5 and IL-17A). HFHS fetuses were asymmetrically growth-restricted, showing sex-specific changes in circulating cytokines (GM-CSF, TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ). The morphology of the placenta Lz was modified by an HFHS diet, in association with sex-specific alterations in the expression of genes and proteins implicated in oxidative stress, inflammation, and stress signaling. Placental gene expression changes were comparable to that seen in models of intrauterine inflammation and were related to a transcriptional network involving transcription factors, LYL1 and PLAG1. Conclusion: This study shows that fetal growth restriction with maternal obesity is related to elevated oxidative stress, inflammatory pathways, and sex-specific placental changes. Our data are important, given the marked consequences and the rising rates of obesity worldwide. Full article
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2 pages, 158 KiB  
Editorial
Corn Rootworm: Biology, Ecology, Behavior, and Integrated Management
by Lance J. Meinke and Joseph L. Spencer
Insects 2024, 15(4), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15040235 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Species of the beetle genus Diabrotica (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) are native to North and South America, with their greatest diversity occurring in neotropical areas [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corn Rootworm: Biology, Ecology, Behavior and Integrated Management)
2 pages, 218 KiB  
Editorial
Unraveling the Complexities of Mast Cells in Health and Disease
by Davide Firinu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 3791; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073791 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
As we draw the curtain on this Special Issue dedicated to the intricate roles of mast cells (MCs) in health and disease, we reflect on the insights garnered from the array of research articles featured within the published papers of the International Journal [...] Read more.
As we draw the curtain on this Special Issue dedicated to the intricate roles of mast cells (MCs) in health and disease, we reflect on the insights garnered from the array of research articles featured within the published papers of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mast Cells in Immunity and Diseases)
9 pages, 475 KiB  
Case Report
A Rare Case of Methemoglobinemia after Ifosfamide Infusion in a 3-Year-Old Patient Treated for T-ALL
by Maria Suprunowicz, Katarzyna Marcinkiewicz, El?bieta Leszczyńska, Anna Kr?towska-Grunwald, Marcin P?onowski, Mariola Ta?a?aj, ?ucja Dakowicz, Maryna Krawczuk-Rybak and Ma?gorzata Sawicka-?ukowska
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 3789; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073789 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Methemoglobinemia is a potentially life-threatening, rare condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin is diminished. We present the case of a 3-year-old boy treated for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) who developed methemoglobinemia (MetHb 57.1%) as a side effect of ifosfamide administration. [...] Read more.
Methemoglobinemia is a potentially life-threatening, rare condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin is diminished. We present the case of a 3-year-old boy treated for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) who developed methemoglobinemia (MetHb 57.1%) as a side effect of ifosfamide administration. Due to his critical condition, the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU). The therapy included methylene blue administration, an exchange transfusion, catecholamine infusion, and steroids. Improving the general condition allowed for continuing chemotherapy without ifosfamide and completion of the HR2 block. Vigilance for methemoglobinemia as a very rare side effect should be widespread when using ifosfamide in the treatment protocols. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Acute Leukemia: From Basic Research to Clinical Application)
14 pages, 377 KiB  
Review
The Relationship between Posture and Muscle Tensive Dysphonia in Teachers: A Systematic Scoping Review
by Roberta Franzone, Luca Petrigna, Daniele Signorelli and Giuseppe Musumeci
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2024, 9(2), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9020060 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Teachers usually present work-related pain such as neck pain. Their posture could be the cause of these problems; indeed, it is often a sway-back posture. Furthermore, teachers can also experience problems with their voice such as dysphonia, specifically muscle tension dysphonia (MTD). This [...] Read more.
Teachers usually present work-related pain such as neck pain. Their posture could be the cause of these problems; indeed, it is often a sway-back posture. Furthermore, teachers can also experience problems with their voice such as dysphonia, specifically muscle tension dysphonia (MTD). This scoping review aims to find the correlation between teachers’ posture and MTD. It also studies how a posture-based treatment can influence this disorder. Randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, prospective cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies that considered the relationship between posture and MTD and that included teachers in their sample. The search led to an initial number of 396 articles; after the screening process, a final number of eight articles were included. A total of 303 patients were analyzed and all showed altered alignment of the head around the cervical spine with hypertonus of the cricothyroid, suprahyoid, and sternocleidomastoid muscles. Although MTD is a disorder with a multifactorial etiology, the articles revealed a correlation between posture and MTD related to a forward protraction of the cervical spine with a hypertonus of the laryngeal and hyoid musculature. This study also detected that an intervention in posture could reduce vocal disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Functional Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System)
18 pages, 3938 KiB  
Article
Bayesian Gaussian Mixture Models for Enhanced Radar Sensor Modeling: A Data-Driven Approach towards Sensor Simulation for ADAS/AD Development
by Kelvin Walenta, Simon Genser and Selim Solmaz
Sensors 2024, 24(7), 2177; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24072177 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
In the realm of road safety and the evolution toward automated driving, Advanced Driver Assistance and Automated Driving (ADAS/AD) systems play a pivotal role. As the complexity of these systems grows, comprehensive testing becomes imperative, with virtual test environments becoming crucial, especially for [...] Read more.
In the realm of road safety and the evolution toward automated driving, Advanced Driver Assistance and Automated Driving (ADAS/AD) systems play a pivotal role. As the complexity of these systems grows, comprehensive testing becomes imperative, with virtual test environments becoming crucial, especially for handling diverse and challenging scenarios. Radar sensors are integral to ADAS/AD units and are known for their robust performance even in adverse conditions. However, accurately modeling the radar’s perception, particularly the radar cross-section (RCS), proves challenging. This paper adopts a data-driven approach, using Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) to model the radar’s perception for various vehicles and aspect angles. A Bayesian variational approach automatically infers model complexity. The model is expanded into a comprehensive radar sensor model based on object lists, incorporating occlusion effects and RCS-based detectability decisions. The model’s effectiveness is demonstrated through accurate reproduction of the RCS behavior and scatter point distribution. The full capabilities of the sensor model are demonstrated in different scenarios. The flexible and modular framework has proven apt for modeling specific aspects and allows for an easy model extension. Simultaneously, alongside model extension, more extensive validation is proposed to refine accuracy and broaden the model’s applicability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Vehicular Sensing)
11 pages, 690 KiB  
Article
Nitrogen Addition Promotes the Accumulation of Soil Particulate Organic Carbon in a Subtropical Forest
by Jingqi Chen, Qiufang Zhang, Hui Dai, Jiguang Feng, Quanxin Zeng, Xueqi Sun, Yuanzhen Peng, Wenwei Chen, Biao Zhu and Yuehmin Chen
Forests 2024, 15(4), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15040619 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) deposition rates of terrestrial ecosystems have gradually declined but are still high in some areas. Previous studies have reported that N addition elicits diverse impacts on soil organic carbon (SOC) pools. SOC can be divided into different functional fractions, namely, particulate [...] Read more.
Nitrogen (N) deposition rates of terrestrial ecosystems have gradually declined but are still high in some areas. Previous studies have reported that N addition elicits diverse impacts on soil organic carbon (SOC) pools. SOC can be divided into different functional fractions, namely, particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC). The responses of these fractions to N addition should be elucidated to better understand the changes in SOC pools. Here, we conducted a N addition experiment (0, 40, and 80 kg N ha−1 yr−1) in a subtropical Castanopsis fabri forest to simulate N deposition. The surface (0−10 cm) SOC fractions, aboveground litter product, fine root (diameter < 2 mm) biomass, soil exchangeable cation content, and soil enzyme activity under different N addition treatments were measured. The results showed the following: (1) N addition showed a positive effect on POC and SOC contents but did not significantly affect MAOC content; (2) POC content was negatively correlated with pH and soil enzyme activity and positively correlated with aboveground litter product, suggesting that POC accumulation was influenced by aboveground litter input and microbial decomposition; (3) a close negative relationship was observed between exchangeable Al3+ and Ca2+ or K+ contents, indicating that there is likely to be a trade-off between the mineral sorption and desorption, thus resulting in an insignificant reaction of MAOC to N addition. Overall, the accumulation of SOC under short-term N addition was found to be primarily driven by POC, and the response of different SOC functional fractions to N addition was inconsistent. By incorporating these nuances into ecosystem models, it is possible to predict SOC dynamics more accurately in response to global change. Full article
12 pages, 1083 KiB  
Article
Influence of Layer Thickness and Shade on the Transmission of Light through Contemporary Resin Composites
by Markus Heyder, Stefan Kranz, Julius Beck, Marlene Wettemann, Christoph-Ludwig Hennig, Ulrike Schulze-Sp?te, Bernd W. Sigusch and Markus Reise
Materials 2024, 17(7), 1554; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071554 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Background: Material-dependent parameters have an important impact on the efficiency of light polymerization. The present in vitro study aimed to investigate the influence of the increment thickness and shade of nano- and nanohybrid resin composites on the transmission of curing light. Methods: Three [...] Read more.
Background: Material-dependent parameters have an important impact on the efficiency of light polymerization. The present in vitro study aimed to investigate the influence of the increment thickness and shade of nano- and nanohybrid resin composites on the transmission of curing light. Methods: Three contemporary resin composites were evaluated: Tetric EvoCeram® (TEC); Venus Diamond® (VD); and Filtek Supreme XTE® (FS XTE). Light transmission (LT) was recorded in accordance with the sample thickness (0.5 to 2.7 mm) and the shade. Polymerized samples were irradiated for 10 s each using the high-power LED curing light Celalux 2 (1900 mW/cm2). LT was simultaneously recorded using the MARC Patient Simulator (MARC-PS). Results: LT was strongly influenced by the composite layer thickness. For 0.5 mm-thick samples, a mean power density of 735 mW/cm2 was recorded at the bottom side. For the 2.7 mm samples, a mean power density of 107 mW/cm2 was measured. Only LT was markedly reduced in the case of darker shades. From A1 to A4, LT decreased by 39.3% for FS XTE and 50.8% for TEC. Dentin shades of FS XTE and TEC (A2, A4) showed the lowest LT. Conclusions: The thickness and shade of resin composite increments strongly influences the transmission of curing light. More precise information about these parameters should be included in the manufacture manual. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Composites)
18 pages, 5293 KiB  
Article
Calculation Method of Support Load Zoning and Mechanism of Mine Pressure Behavior in Upward Mining Face across Half of the Goaf along the Panel Direction
by Yujiang Zhang, Fudong Ma, Guorui Feng, Shuai Zhang, Jie Li, Qian Wang, Xianfeng Zhang, Shule Li and Yexing Chen
Processes 2024, 12(4), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040680 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The 1515 mining face in Yongming Coal Mine was upward mined across half of the goaf along the panel direction. In this paper, the methods of field measurement, theoretical analysis, and numerical simulation were used to study the overlying rock fracture structure, support [...] Read more.
The 1515 mining face in Yongming Coal Mine was upward mined across half of the goaf along the panel direction. In this paper, the methods of field measurement, theoretical analysis, and numerical simulation were used to study the overlying rock fracture structure, support load characteristics, and the mechanism of mine pressure behavior across half of the goaf. The results indicate that the support load of the 1515 upward mining face across half of the goaf along the panel direction exhibits distinct zoning characteristics. The maximum support load is 1.37 times the minimum support load. The development height of the roof separation in the up-mining area is 1.74 times that in the entity coal area, at 9.1 m and 5.22 m respectively. The height of separation and hanging roof length increase and decrease, respectively, along the initial rock fracture area, tensile fracture area, structural fracture area, and compacted fracture area. Based on the definition of the variation coefficient “m” for immediate roof height and hanging roof coefficient “n”, a partitioned method for calculating support loads in the upward mining face across half of the goaf was proposed. Finally, the key parameter values for support loads in each zoning were provided and validated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geochemical Processes and Environmental Geochemistry of Modern Mining)
14 pages, 1604 KiB  
Article
Construction of a Visible-Light-Response Photocatalysis–Self-Fenton Degradation System of Coupling Industrial Waste Red Mud to Resorcinol–Formaldehyde Resin
by Xiangxiu Lv, Hao Yuan, Kaiqu Sun, Weilong Shi, Chunsheng Li and Feng Guo
Molecules 2024, 29(7), 1514; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071514 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Heterogeneous photocatalysis–self-Fenton technology is a sustainable strategy for treating organic pollutants in actual water bodies with high-fluent degradation and high mineralization capacity, overcoming the limitations of the safety risks caused by adding external iron sources and hazardous chemicals in the homogeneous Fenton reaction [...] Read more.
Heterogeneous photocatalysis–self-Fenton technology is a sustainable strategy for treating organic pollutants in actual water bodies with high-fluent degradation and high mineralization capacity, overcoming the limitations of the safety risks caused by adding external iron sources and hazardous chemicals in the homogeneous Fenton reaction and injecting high-intensity energy fields in photo-Fenton reaction. Herein, a photo-self-Fenton system based on resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) resin and red mud (RM) was established to generate hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in situ and transform into hydroxy radical (OH) for efficient degradation of tetracycline (TC) under visible light irradiation. The capturing experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR) confirmed that the hinge for the enhanced performance of this system is the superior H2O2 yield (499 μM) through the oxygen reduction process (ORR) of the two-step single-electron over the resin and the high concentration of OH due to activation effect of RM. In addition, the Fe2+/Fe3+ cycles are accelerated by photoelectrons to effectively initiate the photo-self-Fenton reaction. Finally, the possible degradation pathways were proposed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). This study provides a new idea for environmental recovery in a waste-based heterogeneous photocatalytic self-Fenton system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Photochemistry and Photocatalysis)

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