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16 pages, 2619 KiB  
Article
Deciphering Metabolic Pathways in High-Seeding-Density Fed-Batch Processes for Monoclonal Antibody Production: A Computational Modeling Perspective
by Carolin Bokelmann, Alireza Ehsani, Jochen Schaub and Fabian Stiefel
Bioengineering 2024, 11(4), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11040331 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Due to their high specificity, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have garnered significant attention in recent decades, with advancements in production processes, such as high-seeding-density (HSD) strategies, contributing to improved titers. This study provides a thorough investigation of high seeding processes for mAb production in [...] Read more.
Due to their high specificity, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have garnered significant attention in recent decades, with advancements in production processes, such as high-seeding-density (HSD) strategies, contributing to improved titers. This study provides a thorough investigation of high seeding processes for mAb production in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, focused on identifying significant metabolites and their interactions. We observed high glycolytic fluxes, the depletion of asparagine, and a shift from lactate production to consumption. Using a metabolic network and flux analysis, we compared the standard fed-batch (STD FB) with HSD cultivations, exploring supplementary lactate and cysteine, and a bolus medium enriched with amino acids. We reconstructed a metabolic network and kinetic models based on the observations and explored the effects of different feeding strategies on CHO cell metabolism. Our findings revealed that the addition of a bolus medium (BM) containing asparagine improved final titers. However, increasing the asparagine concentration in the feed further prevented the lactate shift, indicating a need to find a balance between increased asparagine to counteract limitations and lower asparagine to preserve the shift in lactate metabolism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Modeling and Engineering)
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13 pages, 2788 KiB  
Article
Low-Frequency Resonant Magnetoelectric Effect in a Piezopolymer-Magnetoactive Elastomer Layered Structure at Different Magnetization Geometries
by Dmitrii V. Savelev, Dmitri A. Burdin, Leonid Y. Fetisov, Yuri K. Fetisov, Nikolai S. Perov and Liudmila A. Makarova
Polymers 2024, 16(7), 928; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16070928 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The search for novel materials with enhanced characteristics for the advancement of flexible electronic devices and energy harvesting devices is currently a significant concern. Multiferroics are a prominent example of energy conversion materials. The magnetoelectric conversion in a flexible composite based on a [...] Read more.
The search for novel materials with enhanced characteristics for the advancement of flexible electronic devices and energy harvesting devices is currently a significant concern. Multiferroics are a prominent example of energy conversion materials. The magnetoelectric conversion in a flexible composite based on a piezopolymer layer and a magnetic elastomer layer was investigated. The study focused on investigating the dynamic magnetoelectric effect in various configurations of external alternating and constant homogeneous magnetic fields (L-T and T-T configurations). The T-T geometry exhibited a two orders of magnitude higher coefficient of the magnetoelectric effect compared to the L-T geometry. Mechanisms of structure bending in both geometries were proposed and discussed. A theory was put forward to explain the change in the resonance frequency in a uniform external field. A giant value of frequency tuning in a magnetic field of up to 362% was demonstrated; one of the highest values of the magnetoelectric effect yet recorded in polymer multiferroics was observed, reaching up to 134.3 V/(Oe∙cm). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnetic Polymer Materials)
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12 pages, 2130 KiB  
Article
Variability in Pine Pitch Canker Susceptibility among Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) Provenances in Eastern Europe
by Kateryna Davydenko, Natalia ?ukaszewska-Skrzypniak, Katarzyna Sadowska, Justyna Anna Nowakowska, Kristina Raitelaityt?, Svetlana Markovskaja, Daiva Burokien?, Olena Shcherbak, Jorge Martín-García, Julio Javier Diez Casero, Tom Hsiang and Tomasz Oszako
Forests 2024, 15(4), 613; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15040613 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Pine pitch canker, caused by the ascomycete Fusarium circinatum, poses a substantial threat to pine trees and Douglas firs (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and has been identified as a pervasive issue in forests and nurseries worldwide, particularly in regions where susceptible conifers [...] Read more.
Pine pitch canker, caused by the ascomycete Fusarium circinatum, poses a substantial threat to pine trees and Douglas firs (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and has been identified as a pervasive issue in forests and nurseries worldwide, particularly in regions where susceptible conifers are cultivated. Given its prevalence in the Iberian Peninsula, assessments of the susceptibility of diverse European provenances of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris)—specifically those from Poland, Lithuania, and Ukraine—have been conducted. Preliminary evaluations of Polish provenances have raised concerns about the potential threat to Scots pine stands in Poland posed by pitch canker. Under controlled conditions, we examined the impact of F. circinatum inoculation on the survival of seeds and seedlings from ten provenances of Scots pine. In response, the initial assessment of F. circinatum pathogenicity was undertaken in a controlled greenhouse environment. This evaluation uncovered a heightened susceptibility of pine seedlings to pitch canker among the tested provenances. Notably, one Lithuanian provenance demonstrated superior resistance to pitch canker, while two Polish provenances exhibited a higher prevalence of symptomless seedlings. These findings underscore the need for further exploration and identification of resilient individuals within these provenances, offering valuable insights for developing strategies to mitigate the impact of pitch canker on Scots pine in Europe. Full article
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18 pages, 1795 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Online Soluble Solids Content Detection Models for Apple Whole Fruit with Different Mode Spectra Combined with Spectral Correction and Model Fusion
by Yang Li, Yankun Peng, Yongyu Li, Tianzhen Yin and Bingwei Wang
Foods 2024, 13(7), 1037; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13071037 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Soluble solids content (SSC) is one of the main quality indicators of apples, and it is important to improve the precision of online SSC detection of whole apple fruit. Therefore, the spectral pre-processing method of spectral-to-spectral ratio (S/S), as well as multiple characteristic [...] Read more.
Soluble solids content (SSC) is one of the main quality indicators of apples, and it is important to improve the precision of online SSC detection of whole apple fruit. Therefore, the spectral pre-processing method of spectral-to-spectral ratio (S/S), as well as multiple characteristic wavelength member model fusion (MCMF) and characteristic wavelength and non-characteristic wavelength member model fusion (CNCMF) methods, were proposed for improving the detection performance of apple whole fruit SSC by diffuse reflection (DR), diffuse transmission (DT) and full transmission (FT) spectra. The modeling analysis showed that the S/S- partial least squares regression models for all three mode spectra had high prediction performance. After competitive adaptive reweighted sampling characteristic wavelength screening, the prediction performance of all three model spectra was improved. The particle swarm optimization–extreme learning machine models of MCMF and CNCMF had the most significant enhancement effect and could make all three mode spectra have high prediction performance. DR, DT, and FT spectra all had some prediction ability for apple whole fruit SSC, with FT spectra having the strongest prediction ability, followed by DT spectra. This study is of great significance and value for improving the accuracy of the online detection model of apple whole fruit SSC. Full article
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36 pages, 9111 KiB  
Article
Examined in Theory—Applicable in Practice: Potentials of Sustainable Industrial Heritage Conservation in a Contemporary Context—The Case of Belgrade
by Marko Nikoli?, Jelena ??eki?, Bo?ko Drobnjak and Ena Taka?
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2820; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072820 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The industrial heritage of the city of Belgrade is the focus of this research, which highlights the possibilities of preserving industrial heritage from the perspective of a contemporary context and sustainable development. Guided by theoretical principles on the preservation of cultural and industrial [...] Read more.
The industrial heritage of the city of Belgrade is the focus of this research, which highlights the possibilities of preserving industrial heritage from the perspective of a contemporary context and sustainable development. Guided by theoretical principles on the preservation of cultural and industrial heritage, their values, authenticity and spirit of place, as well as the idea of the necessity of integrating industrial heritage into the contemporary context, this paper aims to examine the possibilities for the preservation of industrial heritage following theoretically established principles, with the introduction of new uses and sustainable solutions. The analysis of the case studies of Belgrade’s industrial heritage presented in this paper results from research conducted by the teachers, associates and students of the University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture. The research focuses on the possibilities of translating the principles of preserving cultural and industrial heritage from their theoretical definition to practical application. The students’ conceptual solutions for protection, revitalisation and presentation of the analysed case studies represent the research results. An important aspect of this paper is defining the criteria for valorising students’ conceptual solutions, which are aligned with the principles of preserving cultural heritage and establishing sustainable development. The valorisation of students’ conceptual solutions through a defined set of criteria indicates real possibilities for the simultaneous preservation of all the values of industrial heritage and its transformation into a social, ecological and economic resource of the contemporary city. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Conservation of Urban and Cultural Heritage)
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16 pages, 4384 KiB  
Article
Enhancing the Tribological Properties of Low-Density Polyethylene Using Hard Carbon Microfillers
by Samuel Solomon, Rachel Hall, Jibao He, Vijay John and Noshir Pesika
Materials 2024, 17(7), 1536; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071536 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The application of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) has been confined to packaging applications due to its inadequate mechanical and tribological characteristics. We propose enhancing LDPE by integrating hard carbon spheres (CSs) to improve its strength, frictional characteristics, and wear resistance. LDPE/CS composites were created [...] Read more.
The application of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) has been confined to packaging applications due to its inadequate mechanical and tribological characteristics. We propose enhancing LDPE by integrating hard carbon spheres (CSs) to improve its strength, frictional characteristics, and wear resistance. LDPE/CS composites were created by blending LDPE with varying CS amounts (0.5–8 wt.%). Analysis using scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy confirmed CS presence in the LDPE matrix, with X-ray diffraction showing no microstructural changes post-blending. Thermal characterization exhibited notable improvements in thermal stability (~4%) and crystallinity (~7%). Mechanical properties such as hardness and Young’s modulus were improved by up to 4% and 24%, respectively. Tribological studies on different composite samples with varying surface roughness under various load and speed conditions revealed the critical role of surface roughness in reducing friction by decreasing real contact area and adhesive interactions between asperities. Increased load and speed amplified shear stress on asperities, possibly leading to deformation and failure. Notably, integrating CSs into LDPE, starting at 1 wt.%, effectively reduced friction and wear. The composite with the highest loading (8 wt.%) displayed the most significant tribological enhancement, achieving a remarkable 75% friction reduction and a substantial 78% wear reduction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Tribological Coatings)
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13 pages, 2891 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Stability of Dimethyl Ether Carbonylation through Pyrazole Tartrate on Tartaric Acid-Complexed Cobalt–Iron-Modified Hydrogen-Type Mordenite
by Guangtao Fu and Xinfa Dong
Molecules 2024, 29(7), 1510; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071510 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
In this study, pyrazole tartrate (Pya·DL) and tartaric acid (DL) complexed with cobalt–iron bimetallic modified hydrogen-type mordenite (HMOR) were prepared using the ion exchange method. The results demonstrate that the stability of the dimethyl ether (DME) carbonylation reaction to methyl acetate (MA) was [...] Read more.
In this study, pyrazole tartrate (Pya·DL) and tartaric acid (DL) complexed with cobalt–iron bimetallic modified hydrogen-type mordenite (HMOR) were prepared using the ion exchange method. The results demonstrate that the stability of the dimethyl ether (DME) carbonylation reaction to methyl acetate (MA) was significantly improved after the introduction of Pya·DL to HMOR. The Co∙Fe∙DL-Pya·DL-HMOR (0.8) sample exhibited sustainable stability within 400 h DME carbonylation, exhibiting a DME conversion rate of about 70% and MA selectivity of above 99%. Through modification with the DL-complexed cobalt–iron bimetal, the dispersion of cobalt–iron was greatly enhanced, leading to the formation of new metal Lewis acidic sites (LAS) and thus a significant improvement in catalysis activity. Pya·DL effectively eliminated non-framework aluminum in HMOR, enlarged its pore size, and created channels for carbon deposition diffusion, thereby preventing carbon accumulation and pore blockage. Additionally, Pya·DL shielded the Bronsted acid sites (BAS) in the 12 MR channel, effectively suppressing the side reactions of carbon deposition and reducing the formation of hard carbon deposits. These improvements collectively contribute to the enhanced stability of the DME carbonylation reaction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemistry of Materials for Energy and Environmental Sustainability)
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16 pages, 5482 KiB  
Review
A Needle in a Cosmic Haystack: A Review of FRB Search Techniques
by Kaustubh M. Rajwade and Joeri van Leeuwen
Universe 2024, 10(4), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe10040158 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Ephemeral Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) must be powered by some of the most energetic processes in the Universe. That makes them highly interesting in their own right, and as precise probes for estimating cosmological parameters. This field thus poses a unique challenge: FRBs [...] Read more.
Ephemeral Fast Radio Bursts (FRBs) must be powered by some of the most energetic processes in the Universe. That makes them highly interesting in their own right, and as precise probes for estimating cosmological parameters. This field thus poses a unique challenge: FRBs must be detected promptly and immediately localised and studied based only on that single millisecond-duration flash. The problem is that the burst occurrence is highly unpredictable and that their distance strongly suppresses their brightness. Since the discovery of FRBs in single-dish archival data in 2007, detection software has evolved tremendously. Pipelines now detect bursts in real time within a matter of seconds, operate on interferometers, buffer high-time and frequency resolution data, and issue real-time alerts to other observatories for rapid multi-wavelength follow-up. In this paper, we review the components that comprise a FRB search software pipeline, we discuss the proven techniques that were adopted from pulsar searches, we highlight newer, more efficient techniques for detecting FRBs, and we conclude by discussing the proposed novel future methodologies that may power the search for FRBs in the era of big data astronomy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in Fast Radio Bursts)
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16 pages, 1655 KiB  
Review
The Role of Brachytherapy Alone and in Combined Treatment of Esophageal Cancer—A Review
by Pawe? Cisek, Aleksander Str?k, Paulina Stachyra-Strawa, Andrzej Majdan and Ludmi?a Grzybowska-Szatkowska
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 2840; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14072840 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Every year, over 600,000 new cases of esophageal cancer are registered worldwide. Treatment depends on the stage of the disease. In the early stages, surgical treatment is the basis (T1–T2 lesion < 3 cm, N0M0), while in more advanced stages, surgical treatment is [...] Read more.
Every year, over 600,000 new cases of esophageal cancer are registered worldwide. Treatment depends on the stage of the disease. In the early stages, surgical treatment is the basis (T1–T2 lesion < 3 cm, N0M0), while in more advanced stages, surgical treatment is preceded by radiochemotherapy or only radiochemotherapy is used. In the case of generalized disease, the main treatments used are systemic treatments of chemotherapy, immunotherapy and palliative teleradiotherapy or brachytherapy. Brachytherapy can be used at virtually any stage of disease, both as a radical treatment and as a palliative treatment. This paper presents the possibilities of using brachytherapy at various stages of esophageal cancer treatment. Particular attention was paid to the role of combining brachytherapy and immunotherapy and the possibility of an abscopal effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches in Radio- and Chemotherapy and Clinical Applications)
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22 pages, 2300 KiB  
Review
Yeast Bioflavoring in Beer: Complexity Decoded and Built up Again
by Chiara Nasuti and Lisa Solieri
Fermentation 2024, 10(4), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation10040183 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Yeast is a powerful bioflavoring platform, suitable to confer special character and complexity to beer aroma. Enhancing yeast bioflavoring represents a chance for the brewing production chain to diversify its product portfolio and to increase environmental sustainability in the era of climate change. [...] Read more.
Yeast is a powerful bioflavoring platform, suitable to confer special character and complexity to beer aroma. Enhancing yeast bioflavoring represents a chance for the brewing production chain to diversify its product portfolio and to increase environmental sustainability in the era of climate change. In flavor compound metabolism, multiple genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes and the related regulatory factors are still poorly known, but significant advances have been recently made to dissect gene contribution in flavor molecule production. Furthermore, causative mutations responsible for the huge strain diversity in yeast bioflavoring aptitude have been recently disclosed. This review covers the most recent advances in the genetics of yeast bioflavoring, with special regards to higher alcohols, esters, monoterpene alcohols, thiols, and phenolic derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acids. We also critically discussed the most significant strategies to enhance yeast bioflavoring, including bioprospecting for novel Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces strains, whole-genome engineering, and metabolic engineering. Full article
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10 pages, 1732 KiB  
Article
Features of Processes for Preparation and Performance of Foamed Lightweight Soil with Steel Slag Micronized Powder and Granulated Blast Furnace Slag
by Hao Liu, Jixin Li, Qiqing He, Zhixiong Yang, Longfan Peng, Yuan Li and Gaoke Zhang
Processes 2024, 12(4), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12040678 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Steel slag micronized powder, granulated blast furnace slag, and cement were used as cementitious materials to prepare a foamed lightweight soil for roadbed filling to reduce the settlement and additional stress of the foundation and to solve the environmental problems caused by the [...] Read more.
Steel slag micronized powder, granulated blast furnace slag, and cement were used as cementitious materials to prepare a foamed lightweight soil for roadbed filling to reduce the settlement and additional stress of the foundation and to solve the environmental problems caused by the storage of large amounts of steel slag. However, the instability of steel slag and the multi-angular nature of its surface limit the resource utilization of steel slag. Currently, concrete technology is unable to achieve a large amount of steel slag. Therefore, it is necessary to deeply explore the influence of steel slag content and the specific surface area of steel slag on the working performance, compressive strength, durability, and micro-mechanism of foam light soil. Through the modification of steel slag and the improvement of the production process, the preparation of foam light soil with a large amount of steel slag can be realized. In this study, the foamed lightweight soil with 1.0 Mpa was prepared by cementitious materials composed of 40% cement and 60% multi-mixture of steel slag micronized powder and granulated blast furnace slag. The study of SEM images and BET demonstrated that the larger specific surface area of steel slag powder was more conducive to improving the durability of the foamed lightweight soil. Meanwhile, XRD analyses confirmed that the reactions of f-CaO and f-MgO in steel slag were slowly released in the porous foamed lightweight soil system, which compensated for the shrinkage properties of porous materials. When the SSMP content was 0%, the shrinkage rate was 2.34 × 10−3, while when the SSMP content was 60%, the shrinkage rate was only 0.54 × 10−3. Furthermore, our study of the hydration process of samples indicated that the strong alkalinity of steel slag micronized powder hydration was helpful to stimulate the potential activity of the slag powder, which was beneficial to the improvement of the compressive strength of foamed lightweight soil. Thus, this study provides a valuable idea for reducing the settlement and additional stress of the original foundation and for solving the environmental problems caused by a large amount of steel slag storage. Full article
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14 pages, 3506 KiB  
Article
Catalytic Pyrolysis of Naomaohu Coal Using Combined CaO and Ni/Olivine Catalysts for Simultaneously Improving the Tar and Gas Quality
by Yalkunjan Tursun, Ke Wang, Runxiao Yi, Hairat Abduhani, Zhenghua Dai, Mei Zhong, Lijun Jin, Jian Li and Yang Liu
Energies 2024, 17(7), 1613; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071613 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Catalytic pyrolysis of low-rank coal is currently an effective method for producing high-quality tar and gas. In this study, catalytic upgrading of volatiles from Naomaohu (NMH) coal pyrolysis has been conducted in a two-stage fixed-bed reactor using combined CaO and Ni/olivine (Ni-loaded olivine) [...] Read more.
Catalytic pyrolysis of low-rank coal is currently an effective method for producing high-quality tar and gas. In this study, catalytic upgrading of volatiles from Naomaohu (NMH) coal pyrolysis has been conducted in a two-stage fixed-bed reactor using combined CaO and Ni/olivine (Ni-loaded olivine) catalysts. The effect of catalyst distribution modes and catalytic temperature on the tar and gas quality has been investigated. Simulated distillation and GC-MS analysis have been used to investigate the distribution of tar components. The results indicated that the light oil fraction in tar dramatically increased due to the combination of CaO and Ni/olivine. The CaO-Ni/olivine mode is especially better compared to the layouts of the Ni/olivine-CaO mode and the mixed mode. The CaO-Ni/olivine mode ensures a higher light fraction in tar at 69.3% and a light oil fraction at 29.8% at a catalytic temperature of 450 °C, while the heavy tar fraction decreased to 30.7%. Meanwhile, the contents of benzene (heteroatomic substituents) in tar significantly increased from 2.55% to 6.45% compared with the blank test. In this scenario, CaO breaks down macromolecular compounds in tar and cleaves long-chain esters to produce aliphatic hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons are then dehydrogenated to produce lighter aromatic hydrocarbons over the CaO surface. Subsequently, the volatiles pass through the Ni/olivine catalysis, where ether compounds are produced by means of dehydration reactions. In addition, the CaO absorbs the CO2 in the pyrolysis gas, leading to an elevation of CH4 and H2 concentration. Particularly, the concentration of H2 significantly increased from 16.2% to 30.37%, while the concentration of CO2 significantly decreased from 37.9% to 10.57%. These findings suggest that the usage of combined CaO and Ni/olivine catalysts is beneficial for improving both the tar and gas quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section I3: Energy Chemistry)
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12 pages, 2743 KiB  
Article
Exploring Immersion Coating as a Cost-Effective Method for Small-Scale Production of Enteric-Coated Gelatin Capsules
by Beatrice Sabbatini, Diego Romano Perinelli, Giovanni Filippo Palmieri, Marco Cespi and Giulia Bonacucina
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(4), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17040433 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The coating process for solid dosage forms is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry but presents challenges for small-scale production, needed in personalized medicine and clinical or galenic settings. This study aimed to evaluate immersion coating, a cost-effective small-scale method, for enteric-coated gelatin [...] Read more.
The coating process for solid dosage forms is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry but presents challenges for small-scale production, needed in personalized medicine and clinical or galenic settings. This study aimed to evaluate immersion coating, a cost-effective small-scale method, for enteric-coated gelatin capsules using standard equipment. Two enteric coating polymers and different polymer concentrations were tested, along with API solubility. Results were compared with commercially available enteric capsule shells. Successful preparation of enteric coating capsules via immersion necessitates a comprehensive grasp of API and enteric polymer behavior. However, utilizing commercially available enteric capsule shells does not guarantee ease or robustness, as their efficacy hinges on the attributes of the active ingredient and excipients. Notably, coating with Eudragit S100 stands out for its superior process robustness, requiring minimal or no development time, thus representing the best option for small-scale enteric capsule production. Full article
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22 pages, 3535 KiB  
Article
Controlling Recombination to Evolve Bacteriophages
by James J. Bull, Holly A. Wichman, Stephen M. Krone and Ian J. Molineux
Cells 2024, 13(7), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13070585 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Recombination among different phages sometimes facilitates their ability to grow on new hosts. Protocols to direct the evolution of phage host range, as might be used in the application of phage therapy, would then benefit from including steps to enable recombination. Applying mathematical [...] Read more.
Recombination among different phages sometimes facilitates their ability to grow on new hosts. Protocols to direct the evolution of phage host range, as might be used in the application of phage therapy, would then benefit from including steps to enable recombination. Applying mathematical and computational models, in addition to experiments using phages T3 and T7, we consider ways that a protocol may influence recombination levels. We first address coinfection, which is the first step to enabling recombination. The multiplicity of infection (MOI, the ratio of phage to cell concentration) is insufficient for predicting (co)infection levels. The force of infection (the rate at which cells are infected), is also critical but is more challenging to measure. Using both a high force of infection and high MOI (>1) for the different phages ensures high levels of coinfection. We apply a four-genetic-locus model to study protocol effects on recombinant levels. Recombinants accumulate over multiple generations of phage growth, less so if one phage outgrows the other. Supplementing the phage pool with the low-fitness phage recovers some of this ‘lost’ recombination. Overall, fine tuning of phage recombination rates will not be practical with wild phages, but qualitative enhancement can be attained with some basic procedures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacteriophages and Their Enzymes as Antibacterial Agents)
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14 pages, 8604 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Effect of Stress on Oxygen Diffusion in Pure Titanium Using a Phase-Field Model
by Yaomian Wang, Mengqi Zhang and Huanping Yang
Materials 2024, 17(7), 1539; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071539 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Diffusion plays a vital role during the fabrication of many materials. It is a well-known fact that stress can influence diffusion behavior. In order to optimize material processing techniques, a quantitative evaluation of the effect of stress on diffusion is essentially required. By [...] Read more.
Diffusion plays a vital role during the fabrication of many materials. It is a well-known fact that stress can influence diffusion behavior. In order to optimize material processing techniques, a quantitative evaluation of the effect of stress on diffusion is essentially required. By analyzing the free energy change in a Ti-O system during diffusion, a phase-field model was developed to address this issue. Using this model, the diffusion of oxygen atoms in pure titanium under different stress states was investigated. It was observed that the true equilibrium concentration of oxygen was proportional to its hydrostatic pressure. Tensile stress can increase the oxygen concentration. This raise in concentration decreased with temperature. However, the promotion of diffusion can be attained in deeper regions at a higher temperature. On the contrary, compressive stress inhibited the diffusion of oxygen in pure titanium. Under a certain compressive stress, the decrease in the oxygen concentration at the surface layer was more significant at a lower temperature, while a decrease could be observed at a deeper distance from the surface at a higher temperature. A thermodynamic explanation of the effect of stress on diffusion was given based on the proposed phase-field model. Full article
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14 pages, 8500 KiB  
Article
Cynaroside Induces G1 Cell Cycle Arrest by Downregulating Cell Division Cycle 25A in Colorectal Cancer
by Shan Lei, Wenpeng Cao, Zhirui Zeng, Lu Wang, Jinzhi Lan and Tengxiang Chen
Molecules 2024, 29(7), 1508; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071508 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Natural chemicals derived from herbal plants have recently been recognized as potentially useful treatment alternatives owing to their ability to target a wide range of important biological molecules. Cynaroside is one of these natural compounds with promising anticancer activity for numerous tumor types. [...] Read more.
Natural chemicals derived from herbal plants have recently been recognized as potentially useful treatment alternatives owing to their ability to target a wide range of important biological molecules. Cynaroside is one of these natural compounds with promising anticancer activity for numerous tumor types. Nevertheless, the anticancer effects and molecular mechanisms of action of cynaroside on colorectal cancer (CRC) remain unclear. In this study, cynaroside was found to markedly inhibit CRC cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro. Cynaroside also inhibited cell proliferation in vivo and decreased the expression of KI67, a cell nuclear antigen. RNA sequencing revealed 144 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HCT116 cells and 493 DEGs in RKO cells that were enriched in the cell cycle signaling pathway. Cell division cycle 25A (CDC25A), a DEG widely enriched in the cell cycle signaling pathway, is considered a key target of cynaroside in CRC cells. Cynaroside also inhibited DNA replication and arrested cells in the G1/S phase in vitro. The expression levels of CDC25A and related G1-phase proteins were significantly elevated after CDC25A overexpression in CRC cells, which partially reversed the inhibitory effect of cynaroside on CRC cell proliferation and G1/S-phase arrest. In summary, cynaroside may be used to treat CRC as it inhibits CDC25A expression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products: Chemical Composition and Pharmacological Activity)
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20 pages, 4148 KiB  
Article
A Study of the Relationship between the Dynamic Viscosity and Thermodynamic Properties of Palm Oil, Hydrogenated Palm Oil, Paraffin, and Their Mixtures Enhanced with Copper and Iron Fines
by Agnieszka Dzindziora, Damian Dzienniak, Tomasz Rokita, Jerzy Wojciechowski, Maciej Su?owski, Saltanat Nurkusheva and Micha? Bembenek
Materials 2024, 17(7), 1538; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071538 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The article presents the results of phase transition studies in which the following substances and their mixtures were tested: 100% palm oil, 100% paraffin, 100% hydrogenated palm oil, 50% palm oil + 50% paraffin, 50% hydrogenated palm oil + 50% palm oil, 33% [...] Read more.
The article presents the results of phase transition studies in which the following substances and their mixtures were tested: 100% palm oil, 100% paraffin, 100% hydrogenated palm oil, 50% palm oil + 50% paraffin, 50% hydrogenated palm oil + 50% palm oil, 33% hydrogenated palm oil + 33% palm oil + 33% soft paraffin, 20% hydrogenated palm oil + 30% palm oil + 50% soft paraffin, 50% hydrogenated palm oil + 50% palm oil + copper, and 50% hydrogenated palm oil + 50% palm oil + iron. The measurements were carried out on a station for testing phase-change materials (PCMs) designed specifically for the analysis of phase changes. Viscosity values were also determined for the tested materials, and their potential impact on heat accumulation was assessed. The primary goal of the experiment was to determine some key thermodynamic parameters, including transition time, transition heat, specific heat, and dynamic viscosity at 58 °C. A one-way ANOVA test confirmed the statistical significance of minimum transition temperature, maximum transition temperature, and phase transition time, validating the reliability and utility of the results. The melting point, crucial for applications involving phase changes, was identified as an important factor. The careful selection of components allows for the customization of properties tailored to specific applications. A significant result is that the analyzed substances with higher specific heat values tend to have a higher average dynamic viscosity. The Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.82 indicated a strong positive association between the average dynamic viscosity and the heat of fusion of the substances examined. This suggests that changes in the heat of fusion significantly influence alterations in dynamic viscosity. Substances with higher specific heat values tend to exhibit higher average dynamic viscosity, emphasizing the direct impact of composition on viscosity. Full article
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24 pages, 5732 KiB  
Article
Design of a Modularization-Based Automation Performance Simulation Framework for Multi-Vehicle Interaction System
by Qifeng Qian, Ronghui Xiang, Xiaohua Zeng, Dafeng Song and Xuanming Zhang
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(4), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15040138 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
With the electrification and connectivity of vehicles in transportation, traditional vehicles with single drivetrains are being replaced by pure electric or hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This evolution has given rise to diverse electromechanical coupling drivetrains. There is a pressing need to update simulation [...] Read more.
With the electrification and connectivity of vehicles in transportation, traditional vehicles with single drivetrains are being replaced by pure electric or hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). This evolution has given rise to diverse electromechanical coupling drivetrains. There is a pressing need to update simulation software to assess the economic performance of vehicles in various environments, and promote sustainable development and energy conservation. This paper presents a unified framework for the construction and automated operation of large-scale automated vehicle simulations with multiple drivetrain types, facilitating synchronous information exchange among vehicles. Central to the framework is the development of a plug-and-play vehicle model based on a modular component design, facilitating the rapid assembly of vehicles with varied drivetrain configurations and standardizing simulation file management. Additionally, a standardized simulation process construction is established to accommodate the automated operation of simulations. Furthermore, a data scheduling method among vehicles is introduced to achieve multi-vehicle interconnection simulation. Finally, the effectiveness of the framework is demonstrated through a case study involving queue-following control for HEVs. This framework aims to provide a comprehensive solution for quickly establishing automated simulation environments for multi-vehicle interaction, enhancing model reusability and scalability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology, 2nd Volume)
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23 pages, 1135 KiB  
Systematic Review
Transforming Public Service Delivery: A Comprehensive Review of Digitization Initiatives
by Jonathan Jacob Paul Latupeirissa, Ni Luh Yulyana Dewi, I Kadek Rian Prayana, Melati Budi Srikandi, Sahri Aflah Ramadiansyah and Ida Bagus Gde Agung Yoga Pramana
Sustainability 2024, 16(7), 2818; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072818 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Digital transformation improves public services by integrating digital technology. The rapid use of digital technology in the public sector may marginalize groups without access to or familiarity with digital platforms. This can create a digital divide, worsening inequities by leaving people who cannot [...] Read more.
Digital transformation improves public services by integrating digital technology. The rapid use of digital technology in the public sector may marginalize groups without access to or familiarity with digital platforms. This can create a digital divide, worsening inequities by leaving people who cannot access digital services behind. This research will examine public service delivery digital transformation projects and their effects on local governments. The study uses a thorough literature evaluation and case studies of digital transformation projects in different nations. Scopus was used to find relevant content and current public sector digitization research, papers, and publications and they were examined. The study included a variety of opinions on the issue. The assessment found that digital transformation improves efficiency, citizen involvement, and government accountability in public service delivery. Digital transformation may face obstacles that must be overcome. This research demonstrated that improving organizational efficiency, meeting citizen expectations, and responding to superior demands from higher authorities drive digital change in public service delivery. This study stresses technological readiness as a critical driver of local government digital transformation. Opponents’ concerns should be addressed in future research and practice, such as digital service delivery inclusivity and accessibility, cost and resource management, and data security and privacy. Full article
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18 pages, 10912 KiB  
Article
FEM Simulation of Fault Reactivation Induced with Hydraulic Fracturing in the Shangluo Region of Sichuan Province
by Yujie He and Yanyan Li
Energies 2024, 17(7), 1614; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071614 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing operations possess the capacity to induce the reactivation of faults, increasing the risk of fault slip and seismic activity. In this study, a coupled poroelastic model is established to characterize the distribution and movement of fluids within rock formations in the [...] Read more.
Hydraulic fracturing operations possess the capacity to induce the reactivation of faults, increasing the risk of fault slip and seismic activity. In this study, a coupled poroelastic model is established to characterize the distribution and movement of fluids within rock formations in the Shangluo region of Sichuan province, China. The effect of hydraulic fracturing projects on the variations of pore pressure and Coulomb effective stress within a high-permeability fault is analyzed. The potential fault-slip mechanism is investigated. The results show that the fault plays different roles for fluid movement, including the barrier, fluid transport channel, and diversion channel, which is related to injection–production schemes. In addition, fluid injection leads to a high probability of fault reactivation. We find that increasing the injection time and fluid injection rate can result in larger slip distances. The injection production scenarios influence the fault-slip mechanism, resulting in a normal fault or reverse fault. However, the arrangement of production wells around the injection can effectively reduce the risk of fault reactivation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section H: Geo-Energy)
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18 pages, 15894 KiB  
Article
Real-Time Wave Simulation of Large-Scale Open Sea Based on Self-Adaptive Filtering and Screen Space Level of Detail
by Xi Duan, Jian Liu and Xinjie Wang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(4), 572; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12040572 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
The real-time simulation technology of large-scale open sea surfaces has been of great importance in fields such as computer graphics, ocean engineering, and national security. However, existing technologies typically have performance requirements or platform limitations, and the two are often impossible to balance. [...] Read more.
The real-time simulation technology of large-scale open sea surfaces has been of great importance in fields such as computer graphics, ocean engineering, and national security. However, existing technologies typically have performance requirements or platform limitations, and the two are often impossible to balance. Based on the camera-view-based screen space level of detail strategy and virtual camera pose adaptive filtering strategy proposed in this article, we have developed a fast and comprehensive solution for rendering large-scale open sea surfaces. This solution is designed to work without the need for special hardware extensions, making it easy to deploy across various platforms. Additionally, it enhances the degrees of freedom of virtual camera movement. After conducting performance tests under various camera poses, our filtering strategy was found to be effective. Notably, the time cost of simulation using 60 waves at the height of 6 m above sea level was only 0.184 ms. In addition, we conducted comparative experiments with four state-of-the-art algorithms currently in use, and our solution outperformed the others with the best performance and suboptimal visual effects. These results demonstrate the superiority of our approach in terms of both efficiency and effectiveness. Full article
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17 pages, 4183 KiB  
Article
Cooked Rice Textural Properties and Starch Physicochemical Properties from New Hybrid Rice and Their Parents
by Yan Gao, Lin Zhang, Weiwei Chen, Weiyong Zhou, Guofu Deng, Gaoxing Dai and Jinsong Bao
Foods 2024, 13(7), 1035; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13071035 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Although great progress has been made in the development of hybrid rice with increased yield, challenges for the improvement of grain quality still remain. In this study, the textural properties of cooked rice and physicochemical characteristics of starch were investigated for 29 new [...] Read more.
Although great progress has been made in the development of hybrid rice with increased yield, challenges for the improvement of grain quality still remain. In this study, the textural properties of cooked rice and physicochemical characteristics of starch were investigated for 29 new hybrid rice derived from 5 sterile and 11 restorer rice lines. Except for one sterile line Te A (P1) with high apparent amylose content (AAC) (26.9%), all other parents exhibited a low AAC. Gui 263 demonstrated the highest AAC (20.6%) among the restorer lines, so the Te A/Gui 263 hybrid displayed the highest AAC (23.1%) among all the hybrid rice. The mean AAC was similar between sterile, restorer lines and hybrid rice. However, the mean hardness of cooked rice and gels of sterile lines were significantly higher than that of restorer lines and hybrid rice (p < 0.05). Pasting temperature and gelatinization temperatures were significantly higher in the hybrids than in the restorer lines (p < 0.05). Cluster analysis based on the physicochemical properties divided the parents and hybrid rice into two major groups. One group included P1 (Te A), P12 and P14 and three hybrid rice derived from P1, while the other group, including 39 rice varieties, could be further divided into three subgroups. AAC showed significant correlation with many parameters, including peak viscosity, hot peak viscosity, cold peak viscosity, breakdown, setback, onset temperature, peak temperature, conclusion temperature, enthalpy of gelatinization, gel hardness and cooked rice hardness (p < 0.05). Principal component analysis revealed that the first component, comprised of the AAC, peak viscosity, breakdown, setback, onset temperature, peak temperature, conclusion temperature and gel hardness, explained 44.1% of variance, suggesting AAC is the most important factor affecting the grain quality of hybrid rice. Overall, this study enables targeted improvements to key rice grain quality attributes, particularly AAC and textural properties, that will help to develop superior rice varieties. Full article
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34 pages, 8309 KiB  
Review
Biomaterials for Regenerative Cranioplasty: Current State of Clinical Application and Future Challenges
by Lizhe He
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15040084 (registering DOI) - 28 Mar 2024
Abstract
Acquired cranial defects are a prevalent condition in neurosurgery and call for cranioplasty, where the missing or defective cranium is replaced by an implant. Nevertheless, the biomaterials in current clinical applications are hardly exempt from long-term safety and comfort concerns. An appealing solution [...] Read more.
Acquired cranial defects are a prevalent condition in neurosurgery and call for cranioplasty, where the missing or defective cranium is replaced by an implant. Nevertheless, the biomaterials in current clinical applications are hardly exempt from long-term safety and comfort concerns. An appealing solution is regenerative cranioplasty, where biomaterials with/without cells and bioactive molecules are applied to induce the regeneration of the cranium and ultimately repair the cranial defects. This review examines the current state of research, development, and translational application of regenerative cranioplasty biomaterials and discusses the efforts required in future research. The first section briefly introduced the regenerative capacity of the cranium, including the spontaneous bone regeneration bioactivities and the presence of pluripotent skeletal stem cells in the cranial suture. Then, three major types of biomaterials for regenerative cranioplasty, namely the calcium phosphate/titanium (CaP/Ti) composites, mineralised collagen, and 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) composites, are reviewed for their composition, material properties, and findings from clinical trials. The third part discusses perspectives on future research and development of regenerative cranioplasty biomaterials, with a considerable portion based on issues identified in clinical trials. This review aims to facilitate the development of biomaterials that ultimately contribute to a safer and more effective healing of cranial defects. Full article
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